Antigravity Agent
176 lines
5.0 KiB
Markdown
176 lines
5.0 KiB
Markdown
---
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id: wiki-2026-0508-dart
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title: Dart
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category: 10_Wiki/Topics
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status: verified
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canonical_id: self
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aliases: [Dart language, dart-lang]
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duplicate_of: none
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source_trust_level: A
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confidence_score: 0.9
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verification_status: applied
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tags: [dart, flutter, language, aot, jit]
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raw_sources: []
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last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
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github_commit: pending
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tech_stack:
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language: dart
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framework: flutter
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---
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# Dart
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## 매 한 줄
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> **"매 client-optimized language — JIT(dev) + AOT(prod) dual compile, sound null safety, isolate concurrency"**. 매 Google 의 Flutter 전용으로 설계 (2011→2018 pivot). 매 Dart 3.3+ (2024-2026) 의 records, patterns, sealed class 의 modern type system 도입.
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## 매 핵심
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### 매 dual compilation
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- **JIT (development)**: 매 hot reload < 1s — Flutter dev 의 핵심.
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- **AOT (production)**: 매 native machine code — startup 빠름, deterministic perf.
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- **dart2js / dart2wasm**: 매 web target — Flutter Web 의 binary.
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### 매 sound null safety (since 2.12)
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- 매 `String?` (nullable) vs `String` (non-null) 의 compile-time 보장.
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- 매 `late` keyword — 매 deferred init.
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- 매 `!` (bang) — 매 명시적 unwrap.
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### 매 Dart 3 의 modern features
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- **Records**: `(int, String)` lightweight tuple.
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- **Patterns**: destructuring + switch expression.
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- **Sealed classes**: 매 exhaustive matching.
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- **Class modifiers**: `final`, `interface`, `base`, `sealed`.
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### 매 isolate concurrency
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- 매 single-threaded event loop per isolate.
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- 매 message-passing (no shared memory).
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- 매 `Isolate.run()` (Dart 2.19+) 의 simple offload.
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## 💻 패턴
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### Null safety + late
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```dart
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class User {
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final String name;
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final String? nickname; // nullable
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late final int age; // deferred init
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User(this.name, {this.nickname});
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void setAge(int a) => age = a;
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}
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final u = User('Yuna');
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print(u.nickname?.toUpperCase() ?? 'NO NICK');
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```
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### Records (Dart 3)
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```dart
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(double, double) toPolar(double x, double y) =>
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(sqrt(x * x + y * y), atan2(y, x));
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final (r, theta) = toPolar(3, 4);
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print('r=$r, θ=$theta');
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// Named record
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({String name, int age}) profile = (name: 'Yuna', age: 28);
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print(profile.name);
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```
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### Patterns + switch expression
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```dart
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sealed class Shape {}
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class Circle extends Shape { final double r; Circle(this.r); }
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class Square extends Shape { final double s; Square(this.s); }
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double area(Shape sh) => switch (sh) {
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Circle(:final r) => 3.14159 * r * r,
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Square(:final s) => s * s,
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};
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```
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### Async/await + Future
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```dart
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Future<User> fetchUser(int id) async {
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final res = await http.get(Uri.parse('https://api/u/$id'));
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if (res.statusCode != 200) throw Exception('fail');
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return User.fromJson(jsonDecode(res.body));
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}
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// Stream — 매 multiple async value
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Stream<int> count(int n) async* {
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for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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await Future.delayed(const Duration(seconds: 1));
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yield i;
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}
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}
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```
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### Isolate (compute)
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```dart
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import 'dart:isolate';
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Future<int> heavyCompute(List<int> data) =>
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Isolate.run(() => data.fold(0, (a, b) => a + b * b));
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// 매 main isolate 의 block 없이 background work
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final sum = await heavyCompute(List.generate(1_000_000, (i) => i));
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```
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### Extension methods
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```dart
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extension StringX on String {
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String get capitalized => isEmpty ? this : '${this[0].toUpperCase()}${substring(1)}';
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}
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print('hello'.capitalized); // "Hello"
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```
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### Mixin
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```dart
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mixin Loggable {
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void log(String msg) => print('[${runtimeType}] $msg');
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}
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class Service with Loggable {
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void doWork() => log('working...');
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}
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```
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## 매 결정 기준
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| 상황 | Approach |
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|---|---|
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| 매 Flutter mobile/desktop app | Dart (의무) |
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| 매 CLI tool (cross-platform) | Dart AOT compile |
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| 매 backend (Aqueduct/Shelf) | 매 가능 — 매 ecosystem 작음 |
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| 매 web (no Flutter) | 매 비추천 — TS/JS 우세 |
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**기본값**: 매 Flutter context 에서만 Dart 의 사용 — 매 standalone 은 Go/Rust/TS 의 권장.
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## 🔗 Graph
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- 부모: [[Flutter]]
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- 변형: [[Flutter_AOT_Compilation_Dart]] · [[Dart_FFI_Foreign_Function_Interface]]
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- 응용: [[Flutter_Web_-_Desktop]] · [[Flutter_Impeller]]
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- Adjacent: [[TypeScript_Type_Safety]] · [[Cross-platform_Mobile_Development_Frameworks]]
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## 🤖 LLM 활용
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**언제**: 매 Flutter widget tree 작성, 매 isolate 기반 background work, 매 records/patterns 활용 의 modern Dart.
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**언제 X**: 매 Flutter 외부 — 매 다른 ecosystem 에서 Dart 의 사용 의 의미 X.
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## ❌ 안티패턴
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- **매 dynamic 의 남용**: 매 type system 의 우회 — 매 sound null safety 의 무력화.
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- **매 sync await chain**: 매 Future.wait 의 미사용 — 매 serialized 대기.
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- **매 isolate 와 closure**: 매 capture-by-reference 의 함정 (sendable 만 가능).
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- **매 print debug**: 매 debugPrint / logger 의 권장.
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## 🧪 검증 / 중복
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- Verified (dart.dev language tour, Dart 3.3 release 2024, Flutter 3.27).
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- 신뢰도 A.
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## 🕓 Changelog
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| 날짜 | 변경 |
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|---|---|
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| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
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| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — Dart 3 records/patterns/sealed 정리 |
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