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이름만 다른(표기 변형) [[위키링크]]를 대상 문서의 canonical 제목으로 치환해 끊겼던 1,200개 링크를 연결. 제목/파일명 정규화 일치만 적용하고 별칭 매칭은 과병합 위험으로 제외(애매성 가드). 원본은 _link_reconcile_backup/ 에 백업. 도구: Datacollect/scripts/link_reconcile_apply.mjs Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
155 lines
5.7 KiB
Markdown
155 lines
5.7 KiB
Markdown
---
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id: wiki-2026-0508-visual-effects-vfx
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title: Visual Effects (VFX)
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category: 10_Wiki/Topics
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status: verified
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canonical_id: self
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aliases: [VFX, Visual Effects Pipeline, CGI]
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duplicate_of: none
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source_trust_level: A
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confidence_score: 0.9
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verification_status: applied
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tags: [vfx, cgi, rendering, compositing, usd]
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raw_sources: []
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last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
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github_commit: pending
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tech_stack:
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language: python
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framework: usd-houdini-nuke
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---
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# Visual Effects (VFX)
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## 매 한 줄
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> **"매 photoreal pixel 의 industrial pipeline"**. VFX 는 live-action 또는 fully-CG 의 photoreal imagery 를 modeling/animation/sim/lighting/comp 의 multi-stage pipeline 으로 production. 매 2026 현재 USD (Universal Scene Description) 가 interchange standard, AI-assisted (gen AI rotoscope, neural rendering, Nerf/Gaussian Splatting) 가 mainstream.
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## 매 핵심
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### 매 Pipeline 단계
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- **Pre-vis**: Unreal/Maya 로 shot block-out, camera blocking.
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- **Modeling/Sculpting**: Maya, Blender, ZBrush, Houdini.
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- **Look-dev**: Substance Painter, Mari, USD MaterialX.
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- **Rigging/Animation**: Maya, Blender — keyframe + mocap (Vicon, Xsens, Move.ai).
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- **FX/Sim**: Houdini (pyro/FLIP/Vellum/RBD), Embergen (real-time), Phoenix FD.
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- **Lighting**: Katana, Houdini Solaris, USD-based.
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- **Rendering**: Arnold, Renderman, Karma XPU, Redshift, Octane — path tracing.
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- **Compositing**: Nuke (대세), After Effects (motion graphic), Fusion.
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### 매 2026 modern stack
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- **USD + Hydra**: Pixar 시작, 매 cross-DCC interchange standard.
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- **MaterialX**: shader 의 portable language.
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- **OpenColorIO (OCIO) v2**: color management standard.
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- **Gaussian Splatting / NeRF**: photogrammetry replacement, real-time renderable plates.
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- **AI rotoscope**: Runway / SAM-based, manual roto 시간 90% 단축.
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- **Generative comp tools**: Nuke CopyCat (custom ML node), Nuke Smart Vectors.
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### 매 응용
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1. Feature film VFX (Marvel, Avatar, Dune sequels).
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2. Episodic streaming (House of the Dragon, Foundation).
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3. Virtual production (Mandalorian-style LED volumes — Disguise, ROE).
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4. Commercials, music videos.
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5. Game cinematics (Riot, Blizzard).
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## 💻 패턴
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### USD scene composition
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```python
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# Layered composition: Layout → Anim → FX → Lighting
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from pxr import Usd, UsdGeom
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stage = Usd.Stage.CreateNew("shot_010_layout.usda")
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root = UsdGeom.Xform.Define(stage, "/World")
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hero = stage.OverridePrim("/World/Hero")
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hero.GetReferences().AddReference("assets/hero/hero.usd")
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stage.GetRootLayer().subLayerPaths.append("anim/shot_010_anim.usda")
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stage.Save()
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```
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### Houdini FLIP fluid sim (HScript / Python)
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```python
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import hou
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flip = hou.node("/obj").createNode("dopnet", "flip_sim")
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# Configure FLIP solver, container, source
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# Cache to .bgeo.sc per frame
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sim_cache = flip.createOutputNode("filecache", "cache")
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sim_cache.parm("file").set("$HIP/cache/flip_v001/$F4.bgeo.sc")
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sim_cache.parm("execute").pressButton()
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```
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### Nuke comp tree (Python)
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```python
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import nuke
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read = nuke.createNode("Read", "file plates/shot_010.####.exr")
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grade = nuke.createNode("Grade", "multiply 1.05")
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merge = nuke.createNode("Merge2", "operation over")
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write = nuke.createNode("Write",
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"file out/shot_010_v003.####.exr "
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"channels rgba file_type exr datatype 16 bit half")
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```
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### Gaussian Splatting plate capture
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```bash
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# Process plate footage → 3DGS scene for set extension
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python -m gsplat.train \
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--data plates/exterior_paris/ \
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--output gsplat_exterior_v01/ \
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--iterations 30000
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# Import .ply into Houdini Solaris / Unreal for relighting
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```
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### OCIO v2 color transform
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```python
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import PyOpenColorIO as ocio
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config = ocio.Config.CreateFromFile("aces_1.3.ocio")
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proc = config.getProcessor("ACES - ACEScg", "Output - Rec.709")
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cpu = proc.getDefaultCPUProcessor()
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cpu.applyRGB(pixel)
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```
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### AI roto with SAM2
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```python
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from sam2.sam2_video_predictor import SAM2VideoPredictor
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predictor = SAM2VideoPredictor.from_pretrained("facebook/sam2-hiera-large")
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state = predictor.init_state("plate_v001/")
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# Click-prompt frame 0, propagate through sequence
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predictor.add_new_points(state, frame_idx=0, obj_id=1, points=[[640,360]], labels=[1])
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masks = list(predictor.propagate_in_video(state))
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```
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## 매 결정 기준
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| 상황 | Approach |
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|---|---|
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| Feature film hero asset | Maya + Substance + Arnold/Renderman |
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| Heavy FX (fluid/destruction) | Houdini + Karma XPU |
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| Episodic, fast iteration | Blender + Cycles, USD pipeline |
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| Virtual production | Unreal Engine 5.5 + nDisplay + LED volume |
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| Set extension / digital double | Gaussian Splatting + traditional CG hybrid |
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| Color management | OCIO v2 + ACES 1.3 |
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**기본값**: USD-centric pipeline + Houdini for FX + Nuke for comp + ACES color + AI-augmented (SAM2 roto, gsplat plates).
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## 🔗 Graph
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- 부모: [[Computer-Graphics]]
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- Adjacent: [[USD Universal Scene Description]] · [[Gaussian-Splatting]]
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## 🤖 LLM 활용
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**언제**: HScript/Python boilerplate, Nuke node tree generation, USD layer authoring, shot breakdown drafts.
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**언제 X**: artistic look-dev decisions, supervisor-level pipeline design.
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## ❌ 안티패턴
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- **No version control**: shot file overwrite chaos → USD layers + Perforce/SVN + ShotGrid.
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- **Color space ignorance**: sRGB linear mix → ACES + OCIO 강제.
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- **Render farm without checkpoint**: long sim crash 의 zero recovery → simulation cache + autosave.
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- **Manual roto for everything**: 매 SAM2/Runway 로 80% 자동화 가능.
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- **Skipping pre-vis**: shoot 이후 VFX 가 impossible 한 plate 발견 → previs 필수.
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## 🧪 검증 / 중복
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- Verified: Pixar USD docs, SideFX Houdini docs, Foundry Nuke docs, ACES Central, VES Handbook of Visual Effects (3rd ed).
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- 신뢰도 A.
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## 🕓 Changelog
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| 날짜 | 변경 |
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|---|---|
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| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
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| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — USD/Houdini/Nuke pipeline + AI augmentation |
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