2nd/10_Wiki/Topics/Architecture/Implementation Separation.md

---
id: wiki-2026-0508-implementation-separation
title: Implementation Separation
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Implementation Separation, Interface-Implementation Split, Hexagonal Boundaries]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [architecture, interface, dependency-inversion, hexagonal, ports-adapters]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: TypeScript/Python/Go
  framework: language-agnostic
---

# Implementation Separation

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 'what' 매 'how' 의 분리"**. Implementation separation 매 interface (contract) 매 implementation (mechanism) 매 명시적 분리 — 매 dependency inversion, ports-and-adapters, hexagonal architecture 의 core idea. 매 testability, swappability, evolution 매 enable.

## 매 핵심

### 매 Why separate
- **Test**: 매 fake/mock 매 swap-in.
- **Swap**: 매 Postgres → DynamoDB 매 caller code unchanged.
- **Boundary**: 매 layer/module 매 명확.
- **Parallel work**: 매 interface freeze → 매 team 매 parallel implementation.

### 매 Levels of separation
1. **Interface keyword** (Java, C#, Go, TypeScript): 매 syntax 매 enforce.
2. **Abstract base class** (Python, C++): 매 ABC, virtual.
3. **Protocol/structural typing** (Python typing.Protocol, TypeScript): 매 duck typing 매 static check.
4. **Trait** (Rust): 매 zero-cost.
5. **Module boundary** (Haskell .hs-boot, OCaml .mli): 매 module-level.

### 매 응용
1. **Repository pattern**: 매 `UserRepo` interface, 매 `PgUserRepo` impl.
2. **Strategy pattern**: 매 algorithm 매 swap.
3. **Adapter (port)**: 매 external service 매 wrap.
4. **Test doubles**: 매 InMemory* impl.

## 💻 패턴

### TypeScript — port + adapter
```typescript
// Port (domain owns this)
export interface UserRepo {
  findById(id: string): Promise<User | null>;
  save(u: User): Promise<void>;
}

// Adapter (infrastructure)
export class PgUserRepo implements UserRepo {
  constructor(private db: Pool) {}
  async findById(id: string) {
    const r = await this.db.query('select * from users where id=$1', [id]);
    return r.rows[0] ? mapUser(r.rows[0]) : null;
  }
  async save(u: User) {
    await this.db.query('insert into users ...', [u.id, u.name]);
  }
}

// In-memory test double
export class InMemoryUserRepo implements UserRepo {
  private map = new Map<string, User>();
  async findById(id: string) { return this.map.get(id) ?? null; }
  async save(u: User)         { this.map.set(u.id, u); }
}
```

### Python Protocol (structural)
```python
from typing import Protocol

class Notifier(Protocol):
    def send(self, to: str, msg: str) -> None: ...

class EmailNotifier:
    def send(self, to: str, msg: str) -> None:
        smtp.sendmail(...)

class SlackNotifier:
    def send(self, to: str, msg: str) -> None:
        requests.post("https://slack/api", json={"channel": to, "text": msg})

def notify_user(n: Notifier, user_id: str, msg: str) -> None:
    n.send(user_id, msg)  # any structural match works
```

### Go — implicit interface
```go
type Cache interface {
    Get(key string) ([]byte, bool)
    Set(key string, val []byte, ttl time.Duration)
}

type RedisCache struct{ client *redis.Client }
func (r *RedisCache) Get(k string) ([]byte, bool) { /* ... */ }
func (r *RedisCache) Set(k string, v []byte, ttl time.Duration) { /* ... */ }

type MemCache struct{ m sync.Map }
func (m *MemCache) Get(k string) ([]byte, bool) { /* ... */ }
func (m *MemCache) Set(k string, v []byte, ttl time.Duration) { /* ... */ }
```

### Rust trait
```rust
pub trait Storage {
    fn put(&self, key: &str, val: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<()>;
    fn get(&self, key: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Option<Vec<u8>>>;
}

pub struct S3Storage { client: aws_sdk_s3::Client }
impl Storage for S3Storage { /* ... */ }

pub struct LocalFs { root: PathBuf }
impl Storage for LocalFs { /* ... */ }

pub fn save_blob<S: Storage>(s: &S, k: &str, v: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    s.put(k, v)
}
```

### Hexagonal layout
```
src/
  domain/        # pure logic, no I/O
    user.ts
    order.ts
  ports/         # interfaces
    user_repo.ts
    payment_gateway.ts
  app/           # use-cases, depend on ports only
    place_order.ts
  adapters/      # impl of ports
    pg_user_repo.ts
    stripe_gateway.ts
  infra/         # composition root
    main.ts
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| 매 single impl, no test isolation needed | 매 직접 class — 매 over-engineer 금지 |
| 매 ≥2 impls or test doubles 필요 | 매 interface/protocol/trait |
| 매 cross-team boundary | 매 interface freeze 매 contract |
| 매 swappable infra (DB, queue, cache) | 매 port + adapter |
| 매 perf-critical hot loop | 매 generics/static dispatch (no vtable) |

**기본값**: 매 ports 매 domain 옆, adapters 매 infra layer, 매 composition root 매 wire.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Hexagonal Architecture]] · [[Dependency Inversion Principle]]
- 변형: [[Ports and Adapters]] · [[Clean-Architecture]] · [[Onion-Architecture]]
- 응용: [[Test-Doubles]]
- Adjacent: [[High-Cohesion-Low-Coupling]] · [[SOLID]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 매 architecture refactor; 매 testability 부족; 매 multiple infra backend; 매 team boundary.
**언제 X**: 매 single-use script; 매 prototype; 매 only one impl forever.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **IFoo + FooImpl 매 1:1 forever**: 매 interface 매 swap/test point 없으면 매 잡음.
- **Leaky abstraction**: 매 interface method 매 SQL string 받음 — 매 impl 의 detail 노출.
- **Anemic port**: 매 CRUD method 만 매 interface — 매 domain logic 매 caller 에 leak.
- **Adapter 매 domain 의 의존**: 매 dep 매 wrong direction.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Cockburn 2005 "Hexagonal Architecture", Evans DDD, Martin "Clean Architecture", Vernon IDDD).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — full content (port/adapter, multi-language patterns) |