2nd/10_Wiki/Topics/Architecture/ISO 25010.md

---
id: wiki-2026-0508-iso-25010
title: ISO 25010
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [ISO/IEC 25010, ISO-IEC 25010, SQuaRE, Software Quality Model]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.95
verification_status: applied
tags: [architecture, quality, iso, standards, non-functional]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: text
  framework: iso-standard
---

# ISO 25010

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 ISO/IEC 25010 의 software product quality 의 international standard 의 model"**. 매 2011 의 first edition 의 publish, 매 2023 의 revision 의 release — 매 9 quality characteristics + 31 sub-characteristics 의 hierarchy 의 통한 NFR (non-functional requirement) 의 systematic 의 분류.

## 매 핵심

### 매 9 Top-Level Characteristics (2023 edition)
1. **Functional Suitability**: completeness, correctness, appropriateness.
2. **Performance Efficiency**: time behavior, resource utilization, capacity.
3. **Compatibility**: co-existence, interoperability.
4. **Interaction Capability** (renamed from Usability in 2023): appropriateness recognizability, learnability, operability, user error protection, UI aesthetics, accessibility.
5. **Reliability**: maturity, availability, fault tolerance, recoverability.
6. **Security**: confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation, accountability, authenticity, resistance.
7. **Maintainability**: modularity, reusability, analyzability, modifiability, testability.
8. **Portability**: adaptability, installability, replaceability.
9. **Flexibility** (new in 2023): adaptability, scalability, installability, replaceability — overlap intentional.

### 매 SQuaRE Family
- ISO/IEC 25000: SQuaRE Guide (umbrella).
- ISO/IEC 25010: Quality Model (this doc).
- ISO/IEC 25012: Data Quality.
- ISO/IEC 25023: Measurement of System and Software Quality.
- ISO/IEC 25040: Evaluation Process.

### 매 응용
1. NFR specification 의 checklist.
2. Architecture decision 의 trade-off analysis (ATAM input).
3. Acceptance criteria 의 derive.

## 💻 패턴

### NFR Spec Template (Markdown)
```markdown
## NFR — Order Service
| Characteristic | Sub | Target | Measurement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Performance Efficiency | Time behavior | p99 < 200ms | Prometheus histogram |
| Reliability | Availability | 99.95% | Uptime checks |
| Security | Confidentiality | TLS 1.3, AES-256 at rest | Pen test |
| Maintainability | Testability | Coverage ≥ 80% | Codecov |
| Compatibility | Interoperability | OpenAPI 3.1 conformance | Spectral lint |
```

### ADR with ISO 25010 Trade-off
```markdown
# ADR-007: Adopt CQRS for Order Service

## Quality Trade-offs (ISO 25010)
- (+) Performance Efficiency — read model 의 denormalization 의 통한 query speed
- (+) Scalability (Flexibility) — read/write 의 independent scaling
- (-) Maintainability — modularity↑ but analyzability↓ (eventual consistency 의 reasoning 의 difficulty)
- (-) Reliability — availability↑ but maturity↓ (operational complexity)
```

### Quality Attribute Scenario (SEI ATAM style)
```yaml
scenario:
  attribute: Performance Efficiency
  source: User on mobile network
  stimulus: Submit order
  artifact: Order API
  environment: Normal load (1k RPS)
  response: Order persisted, confirmation returned
  measure: p99 latency ≤ 250ms, error rate < 0.1%
```

### Test Mapping
```typescript
// jest.config.ts — ISO 25010 의 test category 의 tag
export default {
  projects: [
    { displayName: 'functional-suitability', testMatch: ['**/*.spec.ts'] },
    { displayName: 'performance-efficiency', testMatch: ['**/*.perf.ts'] },
    { displayName: 'security', testMatch: ['**/*.sec.ts'] },
    { displayName: 'reliability', testMatch: ['**/*.chaos.ts'] },
  ],
};
```

### SonarQube Mapping
```yaml
# Reliability rating  → ISO Reliability
# Security rating     → ISO Security
# Maintainability     → ISO Maintainability (technical debt ratio)
# Coverage            → Maintainability/Testability
sonar.qualitygate.wait=true
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| New product NFR | full 9-characteristic 의 checklist |
| Brownfield refactor | Maintainability + Reliability 의 focus |
| Compliance (GDPR/HIPAA) | Security 의 deep dive |
| Mobile/IoT | Performance Efficiency + Portability |

**기본값**: 매 9 characteristic 의 review, 매 sprint planning 의 NFR 의 explicit 의 capture.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Software-Quality]] · [[Non-Functional-Requirements]]
- 변형: [[ISO 25010|ISO-IEC_25010]] (alias) ·  (measurement)
- 응용: [[ATAM]] · [[ADR]]
- Adjacent: [[SonarQube]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: NFR draft 의 generation, ADR trade-off 의 articulation, missing quality attribute 의 detect.
**언제 X**: organizational quality threshold 의 decision (business 의 risk appetite 의 reflection 필요).

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Functional-only**: NFR 의 ignore → 매 production 의 surprise.
- **Vague targets**: "fast", "secure" 의 measurable 의 X.
- **Characteristic ceremony**: 매 9 의 document 의 just-because, 매 unused.
- **No measurement**: target 의 set, 매 monitor 의 X.
- **Static NFR**: scaling 의 따른 target 의 update 의 X.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (ISO/IEC 25010:2023 standard, SEI quality attribute literature).
- 신뢰도 A.
- Canonical for [[ISO 25010|ISO-IEC_25010]] (redirect).

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — ISO 25010 software quality model 의 canonical full content |