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---
id: cs-cache-eviction
title: Cache Eviction — LRU / LFU / ARC / TinyLFU
category: Coding
status: draft
source_trust_level: B
verification_status: conceptual
created_at: 2026-05-09
updated_at: 2026-05-09
tags: [cs, cache, eviction, vibe-coding]
tech_stack: { language: "TS", applicable_to: ["Backend"] }
applied_in: []
aliases: [LRU, LFU, ARC, TinyLFU, W-TinyLFU, cache eviction, hit rate]
---
# Cache Eviction
> Cache 가득 = 무엇을 빼지? **LRU (가장 오래 안 본), LFU (가장 적게 본), ARC (Adaptive), W-TinyLFU (Caffeine)**. Workload 따라 hit rate 큰 차이.
## 📖 핵심 개념
- LRU: Least Recently Used.
- LFU: Least Frequently Used.
- ARC: Adaptive — 둘 다 + auto.
- TinyLFU / W-TinyLFU: 빈도 + 최근성 + admission.
## 💻 코드 패턴
### LRU (가장 일반)
```ts
class LRUCache<K, V> {
private cache = new Map<K, V>(); // Map 가 insertion order 유지
constructor(private max: number) {}
get(key: K): V | undefined {
if (!this.cache.has(key)) return undefined;
const v = this.cache.get(key)!;
this.cache.delete(key);
this.cache.set(key, v); // 최근 접근으로
return v;
}
set(key: K, value: V) {
if (this.cache.has(key)) this.cache.delete(key);
this.cache.set(key, value);
if (this.cache.size > this.max) {
const first = this.cache.keys().next().value;
this.cache.delete(first!); // 가장 오래된
}
}
}
```
### lru-cache (Node)
```ts
import LRU from 'lru-cache';
const cache = new LRU<string, User>({
max: 1000,
ttl: 60_000, // 60초 TTL
updateAgeOnGet: true, // get 시 age reset
fetchMethod: async (key) => {
return await db.users.find(key);
},
});
const user = await cache.fetch('u1');
```
### LFU (빈도)
```ts
class LFUCache<K, V> {
private cache = new Map<K, { value: V; freq: number }>();
constructor(private max: number) {}
get(key: K): V | undefined {
const entry = this.cache.get(key);
if (!entry) return undefined;
entry.freq++;
return entry.value;
}
set(key: K, value: V) {
if (this.cache.size >= this.max) {
// 가장 적게 본 것 evict
let minFreq = Infinity;
let minKey: K | undefined;
for (const [k, e] of this.cache) {
if (e.freq < minFreq) { minFreq = e.freq; minKey = k; }
}
this.cache.delete(minKey!);
}
this.cache.set(key, { value, freq: 0 });
}
}
```
⚠️ Pure LFU 의 문제: cache pollution (오래된 popular 가 영원 남음).
### ARC (Adaptive Replacement Cache)
```
4개 list 관리:
- T1: recent (한 번 본)
- T2: frequent (여러 번 본)
- B1: T1 evict ghost
- B2: T2 evict ghost
Hit on B1 → T1 가중치 ↑
Hit on B2 → T2 가중치 ↑
Adaptive
```
→ IBM 특허 — 사용 제한 가능.
### W-TinyLFU (Caffeine, Java)
```
Window LRU (1%) + Main (LFU + LRU).
Admission policy:
새 entry 가 window 통과 → 빈도 비교 → 통과 시 main 으로.
매우 좋은 hit rate.
```
→ Java Caffeine 가 이 알고리즘.
### Node — better-cache
```ts
import { Cache } from 'cache-manager';
const cache = new Cache({
store: 'memory',
max: 1000,
ttl: 60_000,
});
await cache.set('key', value);
const v = await cache.get('key');
```
### Two-tier cache
```
L1: in-process (LRU, 작은) — ns access
L2: Redis (큰) — ms access
Get: L1 → miss → L2 → miss → DB
```
```ts
async function getUser(id: string): Promise<User> {
const l1 = lru.get(id);
if (l1) return l1;
const l2 = await redis.get(`user:${id}`);
if (l2) {
const user = JSON.parse(l2);
lru.set(id, user);
return user;
}
const user = await db.users.find(id);
lru.set(id, user);
await redis.setex(`user:${id}`, 60, JSON.stringify(user));
return user;
}
```
### Cache stampede (위 redis 문서 참조)
```
1000 concurrent miss → 모두 DB 호출.
→ Singleflight / lock.
```
```ts
const inflight = new Map<string, Promise<User>>();
async function getUser(id: string): Promise<User> {
const cached = lru.get(id);
if (cached) return cached;
if (inflight.has(id)) return inflight.get(id)!;
const promise = db.users.find(id).then(user => {
lru.set(id, user);
inflight.delete(id);
return user;
});
inflight.set(id, promise);
return promise;
}
```
→ 같은 key 동시 fetch = 1번만.
### TTL + jitter
```ts
const ttl = 60_000 + Math.random() * 10_000; // 60-70s
cache.set(key, value, { ttl });
```
→ 동시 expire 방지 (thundering herd).
### Cache key design
```ts
// ❌ 너무 specific
`user:${id}:${page}:${filter}:${sort}` // 매번 다른 key
// ✅ 분리
`user:${id}` + user page list
```
### Negative cache (없는 것도 cache)
```ts
async function getUser(id: string): Promise<User | null> {
const cached = cache.get(id);
if (cached === '__NULL__') return null;
if (cached) return cached as User;
const user = await db.users.find(id);
if (!user) {
cache.set(id, '__NULL__', { ttl: 30_000 }); // 짧게
return null;
}
cache.set(id, user);
return user;
}
```
→ "없는 user" 반복 query 방지.
### Hit rate 측정
```ts
class InstrumentedCache<K, V> {
private hits = 0;
private misses = 0;
get(key: K) {
const v = this.cache.get(key);
if (v) { this.hits++; return v; }
this.misses++;
return undefined;
}
hitRate() { return this.hits / (this.hits + this.misses); }
}
```
→ 80%+ 가 일반 목표.
### Sized cache (memory budget)
```ts
const cache = new LRU<string, Buffer>({
maxSize: 100 * 1024 * 1024, // 100 MB
sizeCalculation: (value) => value.length,
});
```
### Cache 종류 비교
```
Code-level: Map / LRU
In-memory shared: Memcached / Redis
CDN: Cloudflare / CloudFront
Browser: HTTP cache + Service Worker
DB: shared_buffers / buffer pool
```
### 패턴
```
Cache-aside (look-aside): App 가 read miss 시 cache.set
Read-through: Cache 가 자동 fetch (lru-cache fetchMethod)
Write-through: Write 가 DB + cache 같이
Write-behind: Write cache → 비동기 DB
Refresh-ahead: TTL 임박 시 미리 refresh
```
## 🤔 의사결정 기준
| 워크로드 | 추천 |
|---|---|
| 일반 web | LRU |
| Skewed (popular minority) | LFU / W-TinyLFU |
| Adaptive | ARC (legal 시) / W-TinyLFU |
| 큰 throughput | Caffeine (Java) / 자체 |
| 분산 | Redis + 클라 LRU L1 |
| Workload 다양 | W-TinyLFU 가 안정 |
## ❌ 안티패턴
- **TTL 없음**: stale.
- **무한 size**: OOM.
- **Hit rate 모니터링 X**: cache 효과 모름.
- **Cache stampede 무시**: 동시 1000 miss = DB 다운.
- **Negative cache 없음**: "없는 거" 반복 query.
- **Key namespace 충돌**: prefix 명시.
- **Cache pollution (모든 거 cache)**: 빈도 낮은 거 evict 자주.
- **Pure LFU 사용 + 패턴 변화**: 옛 popular 가 영원.
## 🤖 LLM 활용 힌트
- LRU + TTL + jitter 가 안전 default.
- Hot/cold 가 strict 면 W-TinyLFU.
- Stampede = singleflight 또는 lock.
- Hit rate 모니터링 + alarm.
## 🔗 관련 문서
- [[DB_Redis_Patterns]]
- [[Web_HTTP_Cache_Headers]]
- [[Backend_Rate_Limiting]]