2nd/10_Wiki/Topics/Frontend/디자인 시스템 구축.md

---
id: wiki-2026-0508-디자인-시스템-구축
title: 디자인 시스템 구축
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Design System, Component Library, UI Kit, Design Tokens]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [frontend, design-system, components, tokens, storybook]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: typescript
  framework: react
---

# 디자인 시스템 구축

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 product 가 아닌 product 를 만드는 platform"**. Tokens (color/spacing/type) → Primitives (Box, Text) → Components (Button, Modal) → Patterns (Form, Card) → Templates (Page) 의 layer. 2026 표준 stack: Tailwind v4 @theme + shadcn/ui + Radix UI primitives + Storybook 9 + Tokens Studio.

## 매 핵심

### 매 layer 구조
1. **Tokens**: design primitives — color, spacing, type, radii, shadow, motion. CSS variable / JSON.
2. **Primitives** (headless): Radix UI / Ariakit — accessibility 보장, unstyled.
3. **Components**: tokens + primitives → branded — Button, Input, Dialog.
4. **Patterns**: composed components — DataTable, Form, Wizard.
5. **Templates / Pages**: full layouts.

### 매 핵심 결정
- **Headless vs styled**: Radix (headless) + own styles → flex 좋음. Material UI (styled) → 빠른 시작.
- **Distribution**: NPM package (`@acme/ui`) vs copy-paste (shadcn/ui).
- **Theme**: light/dark/brand variants — CSS variable 가 표준.
- **A11y**: 매 Radix/Ariakit 사용으로 무료 — 매 직접 구현 X.

### 매 응용
1. Multi-product company (Atlassian, Shopify Polaris, IBM Carbon).
2. Open source DS (shadcn/ui, Material UI, Mantine).
3. Internal admin tool DS.
4. Marketing + app split (display 강조 + utility).

## 💻 패턴

### Token foundation (Tailwind v4 @theme)
```css
@import "tailwindcss";

@theme {
  --color-bg:        oklch(1 0 0);
  --color-fg:        oklch(0.2 0 0);
  --color-primary:   oklch(0.7 0.2 250);
  --color-danger:    oklch(0.65 0.25 25);

  --spacing: 0.25rem; /* base unit */

  --radius-sm: 0.25rem;
  --radius-md: 0.5rem;
  --radius-lg: 1rem;

  --font-sans: 'Inter Variable', system-ui;

  --shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px oklch(0 0 0 / 0.05);
  --shadow-md: 0 4px 12px oklch(0 0 0 / 0.1);

  --ease-out: cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1);
}

/* 매 dark theme */
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  @theme {
    --color-bg: oklch(0.15 0 0);
    --color-fg: oklch(0.95 0 0);
  }
}
```

### Headless primitive + style (shadcn/ui pattern)
```tsx
// components/ui/dialog.tsx
import * as DialogPrimitive from '@radix-ui/react-dialog';
import { cn } from '@/lib/cn';

export const Dialog = DialogPrimitive.Root;
export const DialogTrigger = DialogPrimitive.Trigger;

export const DialogContent = forwardRef<HTMLDivElement, DialogPrimitive.DialogContentProps>(
  ({ className, children, ...props }, ref) => (
    <DialogPrimitive.Portal>
      <DialogPrimitive.Overlay className="fixed inset-0 bg-black/50 backdrop-blur" />
      <DialogPrimitive.Content
        ref={ref}
        className={cn(
          'fixed left-1/2 top-1/2 -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2',
          'rounded-lg bg-bg p-6 shadow-md',
          className
        )}
        {...props}
      >
        {children}
      </DialogPrimitive.Content>
    </DialogPrimitive.Portal>
  )
);
```

### Variant API (cva / tailwind-variants)
```ts
import { cva, type VariantProps } from 'class-variance-authority';

const button = cva('inline-flex items-center rounded-md font-medium transition', {
  variants: {
    variant: {
      primary: 'bg-primary text-white hover:opacity-90',
      ghost: 'hover:bg-fg/5',
      danger: 'bg-danger text-white',
    },
    size: {
      sm: 'h-8 px-3 text-sm',
      md: 'h-10 px-4 text-base',
      lg: 'h-12 px-6 text-lg',
    },
  },
  defaultVariants: { variant: 'primary', size: 'md' },
});

export interface ButtonProps extends React.ButtonHTMLAttributes<HTMLButtonElement>, VariantProps<typeof button> {}
export const Button = ({ className, variant, size, ...props }: ButtonProps) =>
  <button className={button({ variant, size, className })} {...props} />;
```

### Storybook 9 setup
```ts
// Button.stories.tsx
import type { Meta, StoryObj } from '@storybook/react';
import { Button } from './Button';

const meta: Meta<typeof Button> = {
  component: Button,
  args: { children: 'Click me' },
  argTypes: {
    variant: { control: 'select', options: ['primary', 'ghost', 'danger'] },
    size: { control: 'radio', options: ['sm', 'md', 'lg'] },
  },
};
export default meta;
export const Primary: StoryObj<typeof Button> = { args: { variant: 'primary' } };
export const Danger: StoryObj<typeof Button> = { args: { variant: 'danger' } };
```

### Visual regression with Chromatic
```bash
npx chromatic --project-token=$CHROMATIC_TOKEN
# 매 every PR 마다 every story screenshot diff.
```

### A11y testing (axe-core)
```ts
// .storybook/preview.ts
import { withA11y } from '@storybook/addon-a11y';
export const decorators = [withA11y];
```

### Theme provider (multi-brand)
```tsx
function ThemeProvider({ brand, children }: { brand: 'acme' | 'partner', children: ReactNode }) {
  return <div data-brand={brand}>{children}</div>;
}
```
```css
[data-brand="acme"]    { --color-primary: oklch(0.7 0.2 250); }
[data-brand="partner"] { --color-primary: oklch(0.65 0.18 30); }
```

### Documentation (Storybook MDX)
```mdx
import { Meta, Canvas } from '@storybook/blocks';
import * as ButtonStories from './Button.stories';

<Meta of={ButtonStories} />

# Button
Primary action element.

## Usage
<Canvas of={ButtonStories.Primary} />

### When to use
- 매 form submit
- 매 destructive action — `variant="danger"`
```

### shadcn/ui CLI (copy-paste distribution)
```bash
npx shadcn@latest add button dialog form
# 매 직접 components/ui/ 에 source 가 들어옴 — 매 자유롭게 수정.
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| Startup MVP | shadcn/ui copy-paste — quick. |
| Multi-product company | own DS as `@acme/ui` package. |
| Enterprise | Material UI / Carbon / Polaris fork. |
| A11y critical | Radix / Ariakit primitives 필수. |
| Design ↔ code sync | Figma + Tokens Studio + Style Dictionary. |
| Visual QA | Storybook + Chromatic. |

**기본값**: Tailwind v4 @theme + shadcn/ui pattern + Radix primitives + cva + Storybook + Chromatic.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Large_Frontend_Projects|Frontend Architecture]] · [[Component Library]]
- 변형: [[Headless UI]] · [[Design Tokens]] · [[Storybook]]
- 응용: [[shadcn/ui]] · [[Radix UI]]
- Adjacent: [[Tailwind v4]] · [[Tokens Studio]] · [[Chromatic]] · [[Figma]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 5+ devs, 3+ products, brand consistency 필요, A11y compliance.
**언제 X**: 매 single landing page, 매 prototype, single dev (premade DS 로 충분).

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Inventing primitives**: 매 own dropdown / dialog 만듦 — Radix 사용. A11y 함정 많음.
- **Style first, tokens later**: 매 hardcoded color/size → token 도입 시 mass refactor.
- **Component sprawl**: button 변형 50개 — variant API 로 정리.
- **No Storybook**: design review 시 매 dev branch 띄워야 — 비효율.
- **Forking instead of extending**: shadcn 매 update 누락. wrapper 로 extend.
- **Light-only**: dark mode 나중에 → token 처음부터 분리.
- **No CHANGELOG**: 매 breaking change silent — Changeset.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Weighted by industry adoption (Polaris, Carbon, Material UI, shadcn/ui).
- Verified (Radix UI docs, Tailwind v4 docs, shadcn/ui, Storybook 9 docs, W3C Design Tokens).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — Tailwind v4 + shadcn/ui + Radix + Storybook 9 stack |