2nd/10_Wiki/Topics/Game_Design/Status-Effects.md

---
id: wiki-2026-0508-status-effects
title: Status Effects
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Buff Debuff, Status Conditions, Combat Effects, DoT HoT]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.92
verification_status: applied
tags: [game-design, combat-mechanics, buff-system, rpg, mmo]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: typescript
  framework: combat-system
---

# Status Effects

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 status effect 는 매 timed modifier on combatant 다."**. Status effects (buff/debuff, DoT/HoT, stun, root, silence, slow) 는 ARPG/MMO/MOBA combat depth 의 핵심 — 매 effect 가 stack rule, refresh rule, dispel rule, immunity rule 의 4 차원 contract 를 가지고, 매 designer 의 lever 와 매 player 의 mastery surface 를 정의한다. 매 2026 design 에서 status system 의 cleanliness 가 PvP balance 의 가장 큰 source.

## 매 핵심

### 매 Effect Categories
- **Buff**: positive modifier (haste, shield, damage up)
- **Debuff**: negative modifier (slow, weakness, vulnerability)
- **DoT** (damage over time): bleed, poison, burn
- **HoT** (heal over time): regen, lifesteal aura
- **CC** (crowd control): stun, root, silence, fear, sleep
- **Aura**: persistent radius effect

### 매 Stack Rules
- **Refresh**: 매 reapply → duration reset, no stack
- **Stack**: 매 reapply → +1 stack, max N
- **Stack-then-refresh**: stack to N then refresh duration
- **Independent**: each application = separate instance

### 매 Dispel/Immunity
- 매 effect 의 dispel category (magical, physical, curse)
- 매 immunity (boss, late-game gear)
- 매 cleanse priority (highest stack first)

### 매 응용
1. WoW class talents/auras.
2. Path of Exile ailments + curses.
3. League of Legends CC system.
4. Dark Souls bleed/poison build-up.

## 💻 패턴

### Pattern 1 — Effect schema
```typescript
type EffectKind = 'buff'|'debuff'|'dot'|'hot'|'stun'|'root'|'silence';
interface StatusEffect {
  id: string;
  kind: EffectKind;
  durationMs: number;
  startedAt: number;
  stacks: number;
  maxStacks: number;
  stackRule: 'refresh'|'stack'|'stackThenRefresh'|'independent';
  dispelCategory?: 'magical'|'physical'|'curse';
  source: string; // applier id
  modifierFn: (target: Combatant) => Partial<Stats>;
}
```

### Pattern 2 — Apply with stack rule
```typescript
function applyEffect(target: Combatant, incoming: StatusEffect) {
  const existing = target.effects.find(e => e.id === incoming.id);
  if (!existing) { target.effects.push(incoming); return; }
  switch (existing.stackRule) {
    case 'refresh':
      existing.startedAt = Date.now();
      existing.durationMs = incoming.durationMs;
      break;
    case 'stack':
      existing.stacks = Math.min(existing.stacks + 1, existing.maxStacks);
      break;
    case 'stackThenRefresh':
      if (existing.stacks < existing.maxStacks) existing.stacks++;
      else { existing.startedAt = Date.now(); existing.durationMs = incoming.durationMs; }
      break;
    case 'independent':
      target.effects.push(incoming);
      break;
  }
}
```

### Pattern 3 — Tick (DoT/HoT processing)
```typescript
function tickEffects(target: Combatant, now: number) {
  for (const e of [...target.effects]) {
    if (now - e.startedAt > e.durationMs) {
      target.effects.splice(target.effects.indexOf(e), 1);
      continue;
    }
    if (e.kind === 'dot') applyDamage(target, dotDmgPerTick(e));
    if (e.kind === 'hot') applyHeal(target, hotHealPerTick(e));
  }
}
```

### Pattern 4 — Stat aggregation
```typescript
function aggregateStats(target: Combatant): Stats {
  const base = target.baseStats;
  const mods = target.effects
    .filter(e => e.kind === 'buff' || e.kind === 'debuff')
    .map(e => e.modifierFn(target));
  return mods.reduce((acc, m) => mergeStats(acc, m, target.effects), { ...base });
}
```

### Pattern 5 — Dispel
```typescript
function dispel(target: Combatant, category: DispelCategory, count = 1) {
  const candidates = target.effects
    .filter(e => e.dispelCategory === category && e.kind === 'debuff')
    .sort((a, b) => b.stacks - a.stacks);
  for (let i = 0; i < count && i < candidates.length; i++) {
    target.effects.splice(target.effects.indexOf(candidates[i]), 1);
  }
}
```

### Pattern 6 — CC immunity (diminishing returns)
```typescript
function applyCC(target: Combatant, effect: StatusEffect) {
  const recentCC = target.ccHistory.filter(t => Date.now() - t < 18_000).length;
  const drFactor = [1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.0][Math.min(recentCC, 3)];
  if (drFactor === 0.0) return; // immune
  applyEffect(target, { ...effect, durationMs: effect.durationMs * drFactor });
  target.ccHistory.push(Date.now());
}
```

### Pattern 7 — Aura propagation
```typescript
function tickAuras(world: World) {
  for (const source of world.combatants) {
    for (const aura of source.auras) {
      const targets = world.combatants.filter(c => distance(c, source) < aura.radius);
      for (const t of targets) ensureAuraEffect(t, aura, source.id);
    }
  }
}
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| Simple action game | Refresh-only, 3-5 status types |
| ARPG with builds | Stack-based, ailments interact |
| Competitive MOBA | DR system mandatory, clear immunity rules |
| MMO raid | Per-instance effects, dispel priority defined |

**기본값**: 4 stack rules, max stacks 5, DoT tick rate 1s, CC DR 100%/50%/25%/immune at 18s window.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[State-Machine-and-Phase-Transition-Events]] · [[Stage-Director-and-World-Tension-Scaling]]
- 변형: [[Staggered-Firing-Logic-and-Phase-Offset]] · [[Combat_Balance_Buff]]
- 응용: [[Damage-Resistance-Platforms]] · [[Anti-Air-and-Anti-Ground-Combat]]
- Adjacent: [[Player-Experience-Modeling]] · [[Procedural-Rhetoric|Procedural Rhetoric (In Gaming)]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: status system schema review, stack rule design, CC DR system 검토.
**언제 X**: turn-based card game (different effect model).

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Unbounded stacks**: 매 stack count infinity → 매 numerical explosion.
- **No DR on CC**: 매 chain-stun → 매 unfun PvP.
- **Hidden tick rate**: 매 player 가 DPS 계산 불가능 → 매 build crafting 막힘.
- **No dispel category**: 매 cleanse 가 모든 debuff 제거 → 매 debuff design 무력화.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (WoW combat log spec, Path of Exile ailment docs, LoL CC analysis).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — effect schema + 7 patterns + stack/dispel rules |