2nd/10_Wiki/Topics/Architecture/E-commerce_Platforms.md

---
id: wiki-2026-0508-e-commerce-platforms
title: E-commerce Platforms
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [ecommerce, online-store-platform, headless-commerce]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [ecommerce, shopify, stripe, headless]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: typescript
  framework: shopify-hydrogen/medusa/stripe
---

# E-commerce Platforms

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 e-commerce 의 매 catalog × cart × checkout × fulfillment × payments × tax + 매 every regional edge case"**. 2026 의 매 SaaS (Shopify, BigCommerce, commercetools), 매 headless (Hydrogen, Medusa.js, Saleor, Vendure), 매 PSP (Stripe, Adyen) 가 dominant — 매 buy-vs-build 의 매 default 의 buy.

## 매 핵심

### 매 platform tiers
1. **All-in-one SaaS** — Shopify, BigCommerce, Wix. 매 lowest TCO.
2. **Headless / composable** — Shopify Hydrogen, commercetools, Saleor, Medusa.js, Vendure. 매 custom UX 필요.
3. **Self-hosted / OSS** — Medusa, Vendure, Saleor (Apache 2 / MIT).
4. **Marketplace SaaS** — Mirakl, Sharetribe.
5. **B2B-specific** — Spryker, BigCommerce B2B, commercetools.

### 매 PSP / payments
- **Stripe** — global default, broad APM coverage.
- **Adyen** — enterprise / omnichannel.
- **PayPal/Braintree, Klarna, Afterpay, Apple/Google Pay** — APMs.
- **Crypto / stablecoin** — Coinbase Commerce (niche).

### 매 cross-cutting concerns
- **Tax** — Stripe Tax, Avalara, TaxJar (US sales tax post-Wayfair, EU VAT IOSS, UK VAT).
- **Shipping** — ShipStation, Shippo, EasyPost.
- **Search** — Algolia, Typesense, Meilisearch.
- **CMS** — Sanity, Contentful, Storyblok (PIM/CMS hybrid).
- **Fraud** — Stripe Radar, Riskified, Signifyd.

## 💻 패턴

### Stripe Checkout (PCI-light)
```ts
import Stripe from 'stripe';
const stripe = new Stripe(process.env.STRIPE_SECRET!);
const session = await stripe.checkout.sessions.create({
  mode: 'payment',
  line_items: [{ price: 'price_123', quantity: 2 }],
  automatic_tax: { enabled: true },
  shipping_address_collection: { allowed_countries: ['US', 'GB', 'KR'] },
  success_url: 'https://shop.example.com/success?cs={CHECKOUT_SESSION_ID}',
  cancel_url: 'https://shop.example.com/cart',
});
return Response.redirect(session.url!, 303);
```

### Stripe webhook (idempotent)
```ts
import { headers } from 'next/headers';
export async function POST(req: Request) {
  const sig = (await headers()).get('stripe-signature')!;
  const body = await req.text();
  const event = stripe.webhooks.constructEvent(body, sig, process.env.STRIPE_WEBHOOK_SECRET!);
  // 매 idempotency: 매 event.id 의 record, 매 already-processed skip
  if (await db.processedEvents.has(event.id)) return new Response(null, { status: 200 });
  switch (event.type) {
    case 'checkout.session.completed':
      await fulfillOrder(event.data.object as Stripe.Checkout.Session);
      break;
  }
  await db.processedEvents.insert(event.id);
  return new Response(null, { status: 200 });
}
```

### Shopify Hydrogen (Storefront API)
```ts
import { storefrontClient } from '~/lib/shopify';
const PRODUCT = `#graphql
  query Product($handle: String!) {
    product(handle: $handle) {
      id title descriptionHtml
      variants(first: 10) { nodes { id price { amount currencyCode } availableForSale } }
      images(first: 5) { nodes { url altText } }
    }
  }`;
const { data } = await storefrontClient.request(PRODUCT, { variables: { handle } });
```

### Medusa.js custom backend
```ts
// backend 의 custom plugin
import { OrderService } from '@medusajs/medusa';
class FraudGuardService {
  constructor(private orderService: OrderService) {}
  async beforeCapture(orderId: string) {
    const score = await fetch('https://radar/api', { /* … */ }).then(r => r.json());
    if (score.risk > 0.8) await this.orderService.cancel(orderId);
  }
}
```

### Cart state (Server Component + Cookie)
```ts
import { cookies } from 'next/headers';
export async function getCart(): Promise<Cart> {
  const id = (await cookies()).get('cart_id')?.value;
  return id ? storefront.cart.get(id) : storefront.cart.create();
}
```

### Algolia product search index
```ts
import { algoliasearch } from 'algoliasearch';
const client = algoliasearch(APP_ID, ADMIN_KEY);
await client.saveObjects({
  indexName: 'products',
  objects: products.map(p => ({
    objectID: p.id, title: p.title, brand: p.brand, price: p.price.amount,
    inStock: p.inventory > 0, _tags: p.collections,
  })),
});
```

### Tax (Stripe Tax inline)
```ts
const tax = await stripe.tax.calculations.create({
  currency: 'usd',
  line_items: [{ amount: 5000, reference: 'sku_1', tax_behavior: 'exclusive' }],
  customer_details: {
    address: { line1: '...', city: 'Seattle', state: 'WA', postal_code: '98101', country: 'US' },
    address_source: 'shipping',
  },
});
```

### B2B quote → order
```ts
// commercetools / Vendure pattern
const quote = await ct.quotes.create({ customer, lineItems, validUntil: addDays(new Date(), 14) });
// 매 buyer accept → order 의 transition
const order = await ct.orders.fromQuote(quote.id);
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| Lean DTC start | Shopify (basic) + Stripe |
| Custom UX, brand priority | Shopify Hydrogen or Saleor + headless CMS |
| Self-host / OSS / cost control | Medusa.js or Vendure |
| Enterprise composable | commercetools + Algolia + Contentful + Adyen |
| Marketplace | Mirakl or Sharetribe |
| B2B with quotes/contracts | commercetools / Spryker |

**기본값**: Shopify for SMB; Hydrogen for premium DTC; commercetools for enterprise composable; Stripe as PSP unless enterprise (then Adyen).

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Web-Architecture]]
- 변형: [[Headless-Commerce]]
- Adjacent: [[Algolia]] · [[Sanity]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 매 platform comparison, 매 webhook handler 의 scaffold, 매 GraphQL Storefront query 의 작성, 매 tax/shipping flow explanation, 매 catalog data model design.
**언제 X**: 매 PCI-DSS / SCA / regional tax 의 final compliance review (legal + Stripe/Adyen docs). 매 fraud rules in production (data scientist + risk team).

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Roll-your-own checkout**: 매 PCI scope explode + tax + APM hell — Stripe/Adyen Checkout 사용.
- **No webhook idempotency**: 매 duplicate fulfillment / charge — event.id dedupe.
- **Cart in localStorage only**: 매 multi-device 가 broken — server-side cart.
- **No automatic_tax**: 매 EU VAT / US Wayfair 의 manual mess.
- **Storefront API token in client**: 매 secret leak — 매 server-only token.
- **Sync inventory in serverless cold path**: 매 oversell — event-driven inventory + reservation.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Shopify Hydrogen docs, Medusa.js docs, commercetools docs, Stripe docs, Adyen docs).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — e-commerce platform landscape, Shopify/Stripe/headless patterns |