2nd/10_Wiki/Topics/Architecture/Breaking Dependencies.md

---
id: wiki-2026-0508-breaking-dependencies
title: Breaking Dependencies
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Decoupling, Dependency Breaking, Refactoring Legacy]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [refactoring, architecture, legacy-code, testing]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: Java / TypeScript / Python
  framework: language-agnostic
---

# Breaking Dependencies

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 untestable code 를 매 test 가능하게 만드는 첫 단계 = 매 hard dependency 를 매 break."**. Michael Feathers 의 *Working Effectively with Legacy Code* (2004) 의 24 가지 dependency-breaking technique 가 매 canonical reference. 2026 현재 modern DI / 매 hexagonal architecture 가 매 prevention layer, but 매 legacy 에는 여전히 매 Sprout Method / Extract Interface / Adapter 가 핵심.

## 매 핵심

### 매 dependency types
- **Construction dependency**: 매 `new SomeService()` hardcoded.
- **Static dependency**: 매 `Date.now()`, `Math.random()`, `Singleton.getInstance()`.
- **Hidden dependency**: 매 method 안에서 file / DB / network 직접 호출.
- **Temporal coupling**: 매 method A → B 순서 강요.
- **Inheritance dependency**: 매 base class 가 매 hard-to-test 행위 가짐.

### 매 Feathers 의 핵심 24 technique 중 top 8
1. **Sprout Method**: 매 new behavior 를 매 새 method 로 분리해 매 test 가능하게.
2. **Sprout Class**: 매 new behavior 를 매 new class 로.
3. **Extract Interface**: 매 concrete dep → 매 interface → mock.
4. **Extract and Override Call**: 매 hard call 을 매 protected method 로 → subclass 에서 override.
5. **Subclass and Override Method**: 매 testing subclass.
6. **Adapt Parameter**: 매 untestable arg → 매 wrapper interface.
7. **Break Out Method Object**: 매 거대 method → 매 클래스.
8. **Introduce Instance Delegator**: 매 static → 매 instance method 로.

### 매 응용
1. Legacy Java/C# enterprise codebase 의 unit test 도입.
2. Module 간 cyclic dependency 끊기.
3. 매 third-party SDK 의 hard wiring 제거.
4. Microservice extraction 전 prep.
5. 매 monolith 의 plugin 화.

## 💻 패턴

### Extract Interface (Java)
```java
// BEFORE — hard wired
public class OrderService {
    public Receipt placeOrder(Order o) {
        EmailSender sender = new EmailSender();   // hard dep
        sender.send(o.customerEmail, "...");
        return Receipt.from(o);
    }
}

// AFTER — Extract Interface + DI
public interface Notifier {
    void send(String to, String body);
}

public class EmailSender implements Notifier { /* impl */ }

public class OrderService {
    private final Notifier notifier;
    public OrderService(Notifier notifier) { this.notifier = notifier; }
    public Receipt placeOrder(Order o) {
        notifier.send(o.customerEmail, "...");
        return Receipt.from(o);
    }
}

// Test
@Test void placesOrderAndNotifies() {
    var fake = mock(Notifier.class);
    var svc = new OrderService(fake);
    svc.placeOrder(testOrder());
    verify(fake).send(eq("a@b.com"), anyString());
}
```

### Sprout Method (TypeScript)
```ts
// BEFORE — 매 huge method, 매 add new logic 못 testable
class Invoice {
  process(): void {
    // 200 lines 의 legacy
    // 매 new logic 추가하면 매 테스트 X
  }
}

// AFTER — sprout 로 새 행동만 분리
class Invoice {
  process(): void {
    // 200 lines 의 legacy (그대로)
    this.applyLoyaltyDiscount();   // 매 sprouted
  }

  applyLoyaltyDiscount(): number {  // 매 testable in isolation
    if (this.customer.tier === 'gold') return this.total * 0.1;
    if (this.customer.tier === 'silver') return this.total * 0.05;
    return 0;
  }
}
```

### Extract and Override Call (Python)
```python
# BEFORE
class Job:
    def run(self):
        now = datetime.utcnow()       # 매 hard
        if now.weekday() >= 5: return
        self.do_work()

# AFTER
class Job:
    def run(self):
        if self._now().weekday() >= 5: return
        self.do_work()

    def _now(self) -> datetime:        # 매 protected — override in test
        return datetime.utcnow()

class TestJob(Job):
    def __init__(self, fixed_dt): self.fixed_dt = fixed_dt
    def _now(self): return self.fixed_dt

# Test
def test_skips_weekend():
    j = TestJob(datetime(2026, 5, 9))   # 매 Saturday
    j.do_work = MagicMock()
    j.run()
    j.do_work.assert_not_called()
```

### Adapt Parameter (Java)
```java
// BEFORE — HttpServletRequest hard to construct in test
public Result handle(HttpServletRequest req) {
    String userId = req.getHeader("X-User-Id");
    return repo.find(userId);
}

// AFTER — adapter interface
public interface RequestAdapter {
    String header(String name);
}

public Result handle(RequestAdapter req) {
    return repo.find(req.header("X-User-Id"));
}

// Production wraps; test = trivial map
class ServletRequestAdapter implements RequestAdapter {
    private final HttpServletRequest delegate;
    public String header(String n) { return delegate.getHeader(n); }
}
```

### Subclass and Override (Python — break DB)
```python
class ReportGenerator:
    def fetch(self) -> list[dict]:
        return db.query("SELECT * FROM orders")  # 매 hard

    def render(self) -> str:
        rows = self.fetch()
        return "\n".join(f"{r['id']}: {r['total']}" for r in rows)

class TestableReport(ReportGenerator):
    def __init__(self, fake_rows): self.fake_rows = fake_rows
    def fetch(self): return self.fake_rows

def test_renders():
    r = TestableReport([{"id": 1, "total": 100}])
    assert r.render() == "1: 100"
```

### Wrap Method (legacy 호환 유지)
```java
// 매 old API 깨면 안 됨 → 매 wrap
public void payInvoice(Invoice i) {
    audit.log(i);              // 매 new behavior
    payInvoiceLegacy(i);       // 매 unchanged
}

private void payInvoiceLegacy(Invoice i) { /* 매 untouched */ }
```

### Seam mapping checklist
```
1. List 매 untestable thing in target method
   - Static call?  → Introduce Instance Delegator / Replace Function with Function Object
   - new?          → Extract Interface + inject
   - Time/random?  → Extract & Override Call
   - File/DB/HTTP? → Repository / Adapter
2. Pick 1 dep / day. 매 small step + commit.
3. 매 Test 먼저 (characterization test)
   - 매 current behavior 를 lock down
4. Refactor under green tests.
```

### Hexagonal post-state (prevention)
```
[Domain Core] ← [Port (interface)] ← [Adapter (DB / HTTP / FS)]
           매 NO direct import 매 from core to adapter
           매 Test = stub adapter against port
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Technique |
|---|---|
| 매 add new feature 매 large method | Sprout Method |
| 매 hard dep on concrete class | Extract Interface + DI |
| 매 static / time / random | Extract and Override Call |
| 매 framework type 의 arg | Adapt Parameter |
| 매 file / DB / network | Repository / Port-Adapter |
| 매 huge method 의 internal logic | Break Out Method Object |
| 매 base class behavior bad | Subclass and Override |

**기본값**: characterization test 먼저 → 매 minimal mechanical refactor (compiler-driven) → 매 small commit.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Refactoring_Best_Practices|Refactoring]]
- 변형: [[Sprout-Method]]
- 응용: [[Test-Driven-Development]] · [[Hexagonal-Architecture]]
- Adjacent: [[Dependency_Injection_(DI)|Dependency-Injection]] · [[SOLID-Principles]] · [[Mocking]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: legacy code unit test 도입, untestable method 마주침, monolith 분해 직전 prep, third-party SDK lock-in 제거.
**언제 X**: 매 already clean architecture (over-refactor 금지), 매 throwaway prototype.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Big-bang rewrite**: 매 일부 break → 매 전체 unstable.
- **Test 없이 refactor**: 매 behavior 변경 모름 → 매 silent regression.
- **너무 많은 mock**: 매 test 가 매 implementation 에 결합.
- **Interface 의 1 implementation 영구**: 매 YAGNI — 매 두 번째 user 생기면 그때 추출.
- **God adapter**: 매 1 interface 에 30 method.
- **Refactor + feature 동시 commit**: 매 review 불가.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Feathers "Working Effectively with Legacy Code" 2004, Fowler "Refactoring" 2nd ed).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — Breaking Dependencies with Feathers techniques |