docs(10_Wiki): Topic_Business/General/Graphic/Programming을 Topics/ 하위로 이동

최상위 10_Wiki/Topic_*였던 4개 카테고리 폴더를 10_Wiki/Topics/Topic_* 로 재배치. 콘텐츠 변경 없음(순수 폴더 이동) — Topics/ 하위 나머지 폴더는 이미 지난 커밋에서 전부 정리된 상태(잔존 항목은 에이전트 운영 상태 및 사용자가 보존을 요청한 업데이트0615/무제 3.canvas 뿐).
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+---
+id: cpp-exceptions
+title: "C++ Exceptions"
+category: "Programming_Language"
+status: "draft"
+verification_status: "conceptual"
+canonical_id: ""
+aliases: ["try catch throw", "exception handling", "catch all (...)", "C++ 예외 처리"]
+duplicate_of: ""
+source_trust_level: "B"
+confidence_score: 0.88
+created_at: 2026-07-04
+updated_at: 2026-07-04
+review_reason: ""
+merge_history: []
+tags: ["cpp", "programming-language", "w3schools", "exceptions", "try-catch"]
+raw_sources: ["https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_exceptions.asp"]
+applied_in: []
+github_commit: ""
+---
+
+# [[CPP Exceptions]]
+
+## 🎯 한 줄 통찰 (One-line insight)
+C++ has the try/catch/throw mechanism that C's Error Handling chapter EXPLICITLY said C lacks entirely — meaning this is the single biggest error-handling divergence between the two languages: where C forced programmers into manual NULL-checking, `errno`, and `perror()` workarounds, C++ provides genuine LANGUAGE-LEVEL exception handling that can catch ANY thrown value, even without knowing its type in advance (via the `catch (...)` catch-all syntax). [S1]
+
+## 🧠 핵심 개념 (Core concepts)
+- **Exception** — C++'s technical term for the error that occurs when something goes wrong; "C++ will THROW an exception." [S1]
+- **`try`** — defines the code block to test for possible errors. [S1]
+- **`throw`** — triggers an exception, optionally carrying a VALUE (of any type, e.g. `throw 505;` or `throw age;`). [S1]
+- **`catch (type param)`** — handles the exception; its parameter TYPE must match what was thrown (e.g. `catch (int errorCode)` for an `int`-typed throw). [S1]
+- **`catch (...)`** — the "three dots" catch-all syntax; handles ANY exception type when you don't know (or don't need to distinguish) the thrown type in advance. [S1]
+- **No error = catch block skipped** — if the `try` block never throws, the `catch` block simply doesn't run. [S1]
+
+## 📖 세부 내용 (Details)
+- Basic throw/catch with a custom error code: `try { throw 505; } catch (int errorCode) { cout << "Error occurred: " << errorCode; }`. [S1]
+- Real-life age-check example throwing the actual failing value: `try { int age = 15; if (age >= 18) { cout << "Access granted."; } else { throw (age); } } catch (int myNum) { cout << "Access denied. Age is: " << myNum; }`. [S1]
+- Catch-all syntax when the thrown type is unknown: `try { ... throw 505; } catch (...) { cout << "Access denied."; }` — handles the exception without needing to declare its type. [S1]
+
+## ⚖️ 모순 및 업데이트 (Contradictions & updates)
+- **C에는 없던 진짜 예외 처리 메커니즘**: C의 Error Handling 챕터가 "C에는 try/catch가 없다"고 명시했던 것과 정반대로, C++는 try/throw/catch라는 언어 차원의 예외 처리를 제공하며, catch(...)로 타입을 몰라도 모든 예외를 잡을 수 있다는 점까지 C에는 없던 기능으로 확인됨. [S1]
+
+## 🛠️ 적용 사례 (Applied in summary)
+사용자의 나이가 18세 미만이면 예외를 던지고 접근을 거부하는 age-check 예제가 원문에서 직접 실전 활용 사례로 제시됨. [S1]
+
+## 💻 코드 패턴 (Code patterns)
+Catching any exception type without needing to know it in advance (C++):
+```cpp
+try {
+  int age = 15;
+  if (age >= 18) {
+    cout << "Access granted - you are old enough.";
+  } else {
+    throw 505;
+  }
+}
+catch (...) { // catches any exception type
+  cout << "Access denied - You must be at least 18 years old.\n";
+}
+```
+
+## ✅ 검증 상태 및 신뢰도
+- **상태:** draft
+- **검증 단계:** conceptual
+- **출처 신뢰도:** B (W3Schools — widely used educational reference, not a primary standards body)
+- **신뢰 점수:** 0.88
+- **중복 검사 결과:** 신규 생성 (New discovery)
+
+## 🔗 지식 그래프 (Knowledge Graph)
+- **상위/루트:** [[C++ Tutorial]]
+- **관련 개념:** [[CPP Errors]], [[CPP Input Validation]], [[C Error Handling]]
+- **참조 맥락:** 예외 처리 — 입력 검증(Input Validation) 챕터로 이어짐.
+
+## 📚 출처 (Sources)
+- [S1] W3Schools — C++ Exceptions — https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_exceptions.asp
+
+## 📝 변경 이력 (Change history)
+- 2026-07-04: Initial draft synthesized from the W3Schools "C++ Exceptions" page (Astra wiki-curation, P-Reinforce v3.1 format).