2nd/10_Wiki/Topic_Programming/Frontend/Discriminated-Unions-for-State-Modeling.md

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id	title	category	status	canonical_id	aliases	duplicate_of	source_trust_level	confidence_score	verification_status	tags	raw_sources	last_reinforced	github_commit	tech_stack
wiki-2026-0508-discriminated-unions-for-state-m	Discriminated Unions for State Modeling	10_Wiki/Topics	verified	self	Tagged Unions Sum Types ADT State	none	A	0.9	applied	typescript state-modeling types frontend		2026-05-10	pending	language framework TypeScript React / any

Discriminated Unions for State Modeling

매 한 줄

"매 impossible state 의 unrepresentable". Discriminated union (tagged union, sum type) 으로 매 async/UI state 를 modeling 하면 매 loading + error + data simultaneous 같은 illegal combination 매 type system 매 차단.

매 핵심

매 motivation

• Boolean flag combinatorics: isLoading, isError, data → 8 states, 매 5+ illegal.
• DU: 매 mutually-exclusive variants 만 표현.

매 anatomy

• Common discriminator field (type, status, kind).
• Per-variant payload.
• TS narrows by discriminator in switch / if.

매 응용

1. Async data (idle / loading / success / error).
2. Form (initial / submitting / submitted / failed).
3. Wizard (step1 / step2 / done).
4. Auth (anonymous / loading / authenticated / expired).
5. Reducer/state machine actions.

💻 패턴

Async state DU

type AsyncState<T, E = Error> =
  | { status: 'idle' }
  | { status: 'loading' }
  | { status: 'success'; data: T }
  | { status: 'error'; error: E };

function render<T>(s: AsyncState<T>) {
  switch (s.status) {
    case 'idle': return <Idle />;
    case 'loading': return <Spinner />;
    case 'success': return <Data data={s.data} />; // 매 data 매 type-safe
    case 'error': return <Err msg={s.error.message} />;
  }
}

Exhaustive check helper

function assertNever(x: never): never {
  throw new Error(`Unhandled variant: ${JSON.stringify(x)}`);
}

function step(s: WizardState) {
  switch (s.kind) {
    case 'address': return <AddressForm />;
    case 'payment': return <PaymentForm />;
    case 'review': return <Review />;
    default: return assertNever(s); // 매 compile error 매 새 variant 추가 시
  }
}

Form state DU

type FormState<V, E = Record<string, string>> =
  | { phase: 'editing'; values: V }
  | { phase: 'submitting'; values: V }
  | { phase: 'failed'; values: V; errors: E }
  | { phase: 'submitted'; result: { id: string } };

Auth state DU

type Auth =
  | { state: 'anonymous' }
  | { state: 'authenticating' }
  | { state: 'authenticated'; user: User; token: string }
  | { state: 'expired'; lastUser: User };

function canAccessAdmin(a: Auth): boolean {
  return a.state === 'authenticated' && a.user.role === 'admin';
}

Reducer with action DU

type Action =
  | { type: 'fetch/start' }
  | { type: 'fetch/success'; payload: User[] }
  | { type: 'fetch/error'; error: string };

function reducer(s: AsyncState<User[]>, a: Action): AsyncState<User[]> {
  switch (a.type) {
    case 'fetch/start': return { status: 'loading' };
    case 'fetch/success': return { status: 'success', data: a.payload };
    case 'fetch/error': return { status: 'error', error: new Error(a.error) };
  }
}

Pattern matching with ts-pattern

import { match } from 'ts-pattern';

const view = match(state)
  .with({ status: 'idle' }, () => <Idle />)
  .with({ status: 'loading' }, () => <Spinner />)
  .with({ status: 'success' }, ({ data }) => <Data data={data} />)
  .with({ status: 'error' }, ({ error }) => <Err msg={error.message} />)
  .exhaustive();

Nested DU (loading sub-status)

type Resource<T> =
  | { state: 'idle' }
  | { state: 'loading'; progress?: number }
  | { state: 'streaming'; partial: T[]; progress: number }
  | { state: 'success'; data: T }
  | { state: 'error'; error: Error; retryCount: number };

Builder helpers

const idle = <T,>(): AsyncState<T> => ({ status: 'idle' });
const loading = <T,>(): AsyncState<T> => ({ status: 'loading' });
const success = <T,>(data: T): AsyncState<T> => ({ status: 'success', data });
const failure = <T,>(error: Error): AsyncState<T> => ({ status: 'error', error });

매 결정 기준

상황	Approach
2+ boolean flags 매 mutually exclusive	DU 강제
Single boolean	매 plain bool OK
Complex transitions	DU + state machine (XState)
Library API surface	DU 매 caller-friendly

기본값: async/form/wizard/auth state 매 즉시 DU 모델링.

🔗 Graph

• 부모: TypeScript · Type-Driven-Design
• 변형: Algebraic-Data-Types · Sum-Types
• 응용: XState · React-Query
• Adjacent: Exhaustiveness-Checking · Pattern-Matching

🤖 LLM 활용

언제: async data, multi-step UI, auth flow, anywhere 매 boolean explosion 발생. 언제 X: 매 single-flag 매 trivial — over-engineering.

❌ 안티패턴

• Boolean explosion: isLoading && !isError && data chains.
• Optional fields encoding state: { data?, loading?, error? } — 매 invalid combos 가능.
• Missing exhaustive check: 매 new variant 추가 시 매 silently broken.

🧪 검증 / 중복

• Verified (TS handbook / Richard Feldman "Making Impossible States Impossible").
• 신뢰도 A.

🕓 Changelog

날짜	변경
2026-05-08	Phase 1
2026-05-10	Manual cleanup — DU patterns for async/form/auth state