2nd/10_Wiki/Topic_Programming/AI_and_ML/Computational-Neuroscience-RL.md

id, title, category, status, canonical_id, aliases, duplicate_of, source_trust_level, confidence_score, verification_status, tags, raw_sources, last_reinforced, github_commit, tech_stack

id	title	category	status	canonical_id	aliases	duplicate_of	source_trust_level	confidence_score	verification_status	tags	raw_sources	last_reinforced	github_commit	tech_stack
wiki-2026-0508-computational-neuroscience-rl	Computational Neuroscience & Reinforcement Learning	10_Wiki/Topics	verified	self	computational neuroscience RL dopamine RPE TD learning basal ganglia distributional RL meta-RL	none	A	0.9	applied	neuroscience reinforcement-learning dopamine td-learning distributional-rl meta-learning schultz bayesian-brain		2026-05-10	pending	language applicable_to neuroscience / RL RL Algorithms Brain Disease Models Bio-Inspired AI

Computational Neuroscience & RL

매 한 줄

"매 dopamine = 매 reward prediction error". Schultz 의 finding (1990s) → 매 TD-learning 의 mathematical equivalent. 매 brain ↔ AI 의 deepest connection. 매 modern: distributional RL, model-based, meta-RL.

매 핵심

Schultz 의 dopamine

• 매 reward 자체 X — 매 reward prediction error (RPE).
• Positive RPE (better than expected): dopamine ↑.
• Negative RPE (worse): dopamine ↓.
• → 매 TD-error 의 exact match.

TD Learning (Sutton-Barto)

• \delta_t = r_t + \gamma V(s_{t+1}) - V(s_t)
• 매 update: V(s_t) \leftarrow V(s_t) + \alpha \delta_t
• 매 dopamine 신호 = 매 δ.

매 brain 의 RL circuit

• Basal ganglia: 매 action selection (actor).
• VTA / SNc: 매 dopamine source.
• Striatum: 매 value function (critic).
• Prefrontal cortex: 매 model-based planning.
• Hippocampus: 매 episodic / replay.

매 modern findings

Distributional RL (Bellemare 2017, Dabney 2020)

• 매 single value X — 매 distribution over rewards.
• Quantile Regression DQN, IQN.
• 매 brain 의 dopamine 의 distributional code.
• 매 risk-sensitive.

Model-based RL

• 매 prefrontal cortex 의 simulate.
• 매 Dreamer, MuZero.
• 매 sample efficiency.

Meta-RL

• 매 prefrontal cortex 의 fast adaptation.
• 매 PEARL, RL².

Successor representation

• 매 hippocampus 의 cognitive map.
• 매 transfer learning.

Replay

• 매 hippocampus 의 sleep replay.
• 매 RL 의 Experience Replay.

매 disease modeling

• Parkinson's: 매 dopamine deficit → 매 RL 의 LR ↓.
• Addiction: 매 RPE 의 hijack (Addiction Neuroscience).
• Depression: 매 negative RPE bias.
• OCD: 매 model-based 의 over-engaged.
• Schizophrenia: 매 prediction error precision 의 alter.

매 응용

1. AI design: 매 brain-inspired RL.
2. Drug development: 매 dopamine modulator.
3. BCI: 매 reward signal interface.
4. Behavioral therapy: 매 RPE 의 reframe.
5. Marketing / nudge: 매 reward schedule design.

💻 패턴

TD(0) value learning

import numpy as np

class TDLearner:
    def __init__(self, n_states, alpha=0.1, gamma=0.95):
        self.V = np.zeros(n_states)
        self.alpha = alpha
        self.gamma = gamma
    
    def update(self, state, reward, next_state):
        td_error = reward + self.gamma * self.V[next_state] - self.V[state]
        self.V[state] += self.alpha * td_error
        return td_error  # 매 dopamine 신호 의 analog

Q-Learning (off-policy)

class QLearner:
    def __init__(self, n_states, n_actions, alpha=0.1, gamma=0.95, eps=0.1):
        self.Q = np.zeros((n_states, n_actions))
        self.alpha, self.gamma, self.eps = alpha, gamma, eps
    
    def act(self, state):
        if np.random.random() < self.eps:
            return np.random.randint(self.Q.shape[1])
        return self.Q[state].argmax()
    
    def update(self, s, a, r, s_next):
        td_target = r + self.gamma * self.Q[s_next].max()
        self.Q[s, a] += self.alpha * (td_target - self.Q[s, a])

Distributional RL (C51)

import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class C51(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, n_actions, n_atoms=51, v_min=-10, v_max=10):
        super().__init__()
        self.n_atoms = n_atoms
        self.support = torch.linspace(v_min, v_max, n_atoms)
        self.delta_z = (v_max - v_min) / (n_atoms - 1)
        self.net = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(state_dim, 128), nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Linear(128, n_actions * n_atoms),
        )
    
    def forward(self, state):
        logits = self.net(state).view(-1, n_actions, self.n_atoms)
        probs = F.softmax(logits, dim=-1)
        return probs  # 매 distribution per action
    
    def q_values(self, state):
        probs = self(state)
        return (probs * self.support).sum(-1)

Eligibility trace (TD(λ))

class TDLambda:
    def __init__(self, n_states, alpha=0.1, gamma=0.95, lam=0.9):
        self.V = np.zeros(n_states)
        self.e = np.zeros(n_states)  # 매 eligibility trace
        self.alpha = alpha
        self.gamma = gamma
        self.lam = lam
    
    def update(self, state, reward, next_state):
        td_error = reward + self.gamma * self.V[next_state] - self.V[state]
        self.e *= self.gamma * self.lam
        self.e[state] += 1
        self.V += self.alpha * td_error * self.e

Successor representation

def learn_sr(transitions, n_states, alpha=0.05, gamma=0.95):
    """매 SR(s, s') = expected discounted future visits to s'."""
    M = np.eye(n_states)
    
    for s, s_next in transitions:
        I = np.eye(n_states)[s_next]
        M[s] += alpha * (I + gamma * M[s_next] - M[s])
    
    return M

# 매 V(s) = 매 M(s, .) @ R

Brain-inspired Dreamer (model-based)

class Dreamer:
    def __init__(self):
        self.world_model = WorldModel()  # 매 prefrontal-like
        self.actor = Actor()
        self.critic = Critic()
    
    def imagine(self, init_state, horizon=15):
        """매 simulate trajectory in world model."""
        states, actions, rewards = [init_state], [], []
        for _ in range(horizon):
            a = self.actor(states[-1])
            s_next, r = self.world_model(states[-1], a)
            actions.append(a)
            rewards.append(r)
            states.append(s_next)
        return states, actions, rewards
    
    def train(self, real_trajectories):
        # 매 1. world model 의 train (predict next + reward)
        self.world_model.train(real_trajectories)
        
        # 매 2. actor + critic 의 imagined trajectory 의 train
        for _ in range(updates):
            init = random.choice(real_trajectories)[0]
            states, actions, rewards = self.imagine(init)
            self.critic.train(states, rewards)
            self.actor.train(states, self.critic)

Disease modeling (Parkinson's)

def parkinson_simulation(td_learner, dopamine_deficit=0.5):
    """매 dopamine deficit = 매 effective LR ↓."""
    td_learner.alpha *= (1 - dopamine_deficit)
    # 매 result: 매 slow learning, 매 reduced motivation.

RPE-based UI feedback (gamification done right)

def calibrate_reward(expected, actual):
    """매 user 의 expected vs actual 의 explicit feedback."""
    rpe = actual - expected
    if rpe > 0.3:
        return 'GREAT — exceeded expectations!'
    elif rpe < -0.3:
        return 'Try again — fell short.'
    return 'On track.'

🤔 결정 기준

응용	Approach
Discrete env	Q-Learning / DQN
Continuous	DDPG / SAC
High-dim state	DQN / Rainbow
Model-based	Dreamer / MuZero
Risk-sensitive	Distributional RL
Sparse reward	Curiosity / RND
Few-shot	Meta-RL
Brain disease modeling	RPE + lesion

기본값: 매 PPO / SAC + 매 distributional / replay. 매 brain-inspired = Dreamer.

🔗 Graph

• 부모: Reinforcement-Learning · Computational-Neuroscience-RL
• 변형: TD-Learning · Distributional-RL · Meta-RL
• 응용: Disease-Modeling
• Adjacent: Bayesian-Brain-Hypothesis · Biological-Intelligence · Addiction Neuroscience · Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
• Concept: Reward Prediction Error · Dopamine · Basal-Ganglia

🤖 LLM 활용

언제: 매 RL algorithm design. 매 brain-inspired AI. 매 disease model. 매 reward schedule. 언제 X: 매 supervised pure problem. 매 specific clinical decision (의사).

❌ 안티패턴

• Scalar reward 의 only: 매 distributional 의 lose.
• No model (always free): 매 sample inefficient.
• TD-error 의 noise: 매 unstable.
• Over-claim biological literal: 매 metaphor 가 대부분.
• Disease cure expectation from model: 매 simulation 의 limit.

🧪 검증 / 중복

• Verified (Schultz dopamine, Sutton-Barto RL book, Dabney distributional, Hafner Dreamer).
• 신뢰도 A.
• Related: Bayesian-Brain-Hypothesis · Biological-Intelligence · Addiction Neuroscience · Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) · Reinforcement-Learning.

🕓 Changelog

날짜	변경
2026-05-08	Phase 1
2026-05-10	Manual cleanup — Schultz + TD + 매 distributional / SR / Dreamer code + disease