2nd/10_Wiki/Topics/AI_and_ML/Search-Methodology.md

id, title, category, status, canonical_id, aliases, duplicate_of, source_trust_level, confidence_score, verification_status, tags, raw_sources, last_reinforced, github_commit, tech_stack

id	title	category	status	canonical_id	aliases	duplicate_of	source_trust_level	confidence_score	verification_status	tags	raw_sources	last_reinforced	github_commit	tech_stack
wiki-2026-0508-search-methodology	Search Methodology	10_Wiki/Topics	verified	self	Systematic Search Literature Search Research Methodology	none	A	0.88	applied	research methodology prisma systematic-review literature-search		2026-05-10	pending	language framework python none

Search Methodology

매 한 줄

"매 reproducible literature search — define question, query strategy, screen, extract, synthesize". PRISMA 2020 매 standard for systematic reviews. 매 2026 update: AI-augmented (Elicit, Consensus, Undermind) + traditional database search 매 hybrid.

매 핵심

매 Research question framing

• PICO (clinical): Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome.
• PEO (qualitative): Population, Exposure, Outcome.
• SPIDER (mixed methods): Sample, Phenomenon, Design, Eval, Research-type.

매 PRISMA 2020 flow

1. Identification: 매 records from databases + registers + other.
2. Screening: 매 title/abstract → eligible.
3. Eligibility: 매 full-text review.
4. Included: 매 final corpus → synthesis.

매 Database strategy

• Medical: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL.
• CS: Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, ACM/IEEE/arXiv.
• Social: Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO.
• 매 매 multiple databases 매 essential — 매 single source 매 missing 30-50%.

매 Query construction

• Boolean: AND, OR, NOT.
• 매 controlled vocabulary: MeSH, Emtree, ACM CCS.
• 매 truncation: child* matches child, children.
• 매 proximity: "machine learning" NEAR/3 medicine.

매 AI-augmented (2024-2026)

• Elicit: 매 question → relevant papers + extraction.
• Consensus: 매 yes/no claim verification.
• Undermind: 매 deep search agents.
• OpenAlex API: 매 250M scholarly works open.

매 응용

1. Systematic review / meta-analysis.
2. Tech due diligence.
3. PhD literature review.
4. Patent landscape analysis.

💻 패턴

Boolean query construction

from itertools import product

terms = {
    "concept_a": ["machine learning", "ML", "deep learning"],
    "concept_b": ["medical imaging", "radiology", "diagnostic imaging"],
    "concept_c": ["systematic review", "meta-analysis"],
}

def build_query(terms):
    blocks = []
    for concept, alts in terms.items():
        block = "(" + " OR ".join(f'"{t}"' for t in alts) + ")"
        blocks.append(block)
    return " AND ".join(blocks)

print(build_query(terms))
# ("machine learning" OR "ML" OR "deep learning") AND ("medical imaging" ...) AND ...

PubMed E-utilities

import requests

def pubmed_search(query, max_results=200):
    base = "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils"
    r = requests.get(f"{base}/esearch.fcgi", params={
        "db": "pubmed", "term": query, "retmax": max_results, "retmode": "json"
    })
    pmids = r.json()["esearchresult"]["idlist"]
    r2 = requests.get(f"{base}/esummary.fcgi", params={
        "db": "pubmed", "id": ",".join(pmids), "retmode": "json"
    })
    return r2.json()["result"]

Semantic Scholar API

def s2_search(query, limit=100):
    url = "https://api.semanticscholar.org/graph/v1/paper/search"
    fields = "title,abstract,authors,year,citationCount,openAccessPdf"
    r = requests.get(url, params={"query": query, "limit": limit, "fields": fields})
    return r.json()["data"]

Deduplication

from rapidfuzz import fuzz

def dedupe(records):
    unique = []
    seen_titles = []
    for r in records:
        title = r["title"].lower().strip()
        if any(fuzz.ratio(title, t) > 92 for t in seen_titles):
            continue
        seen_titles.append(title)
        unique.append(r)
    return unique

Screening with LLM (title+abstract)

from anthropic import Anthropic

client = Anthropic()

def llm_screen(record, inclusion_criteria):
    prompt = f"""Inclusion criteria: {inclusion_criteria}

Title: {record['title']}
Abstract: {record['abstract']}

Decision (INCLUDE / EXCLUDE / UNSURE) + 1-line reason:"""
    r = client.messages.create(
        model="claude-opus-4-7",
        max_tokens=100,
        messages=[{"role": "user", "content": prompt}],
    )
    return r.content[0].text

# 매 always 매 human verify UNSURE + sample of INCLUDE/EXCLUDE.

PRISMA flow tracking

class PRISMA:
    def __init__(self):
        self.counts = {
            "identified_db": 0, "identified_reg": 0, "identified_other": 0,
            "duplicates": 0, "screened": 0, "excluded_screen": 0,
            "fulltext_sought": 0, "fulltext_unavailable": 0,
            "fulltext_assessed": 0, "excluded_eligibility": {},
            "included": 0,
        }
    def render(self):
        for k, v in self.counts.items():
            print(f"{k}: {v}")

Forward / backward citation chasing

def snowball(seed_dois, depth=1):
    frontier = set(seed_dois)
    found = set()
    for _ in range(depth):
        new = set()
        for doi in frontier:
            refs = s2_get_references(doi)
            cites = s2_get_citations(doi)
            new.update(refs + cites)
        found.update(frontier)
        frontier = new - found
    return found

매 결정 기준

상황	Approach
Cochrane systematic review	매 PRISMA 2020 + 2-reviewer double screen
Tech scouting	매 AI tools (Elicit, Consensus) + Semantic Scholar
Patent search	매 EPO Espacenet + PatentScope
Quick lit review	매 Google Scholar + snowball
AI-augmented full review	매 LLM screen + 100% human verify

기본값: 매 PRISMA 2020 + Boolean across ≥3 databases + LLM-assist screening + human verification.

🔗 Graph

• 부모: Research Methods
• Adjacent: Bibliometrics · Citation Analysis

🤖 LLM 활용

언제: 매 large-corpus screening (10k+ titles), 매 extraction template fill, 매 query expansion. 언제 X: 매 final inclusion decision (매 always human), 매 citation accuracy claim (매 hallucination risk).

❌ 안티패턴

• Single database: 매 30-50% missing.
• No protocol: 매 publication bias 매 invisible.
• Single reviewer: 매 ≥2 with kappa agreement.
• LLM-only screening: 매 hallucination + bias 매 verify 100%.
• No PRISMA flow: 매 unreproducible.

🧪 검증 / 중복

• Verified (PRISMA 2020 statement, Cochrane Handbook v6.4).
• 신뢰도 A.

🕓 Changelog

날짜	변경
2026-05-08	Phase 1
2026-05-10	Manual cleanup — PRISMA, Boolean, AI-augmented tools