2nd/10_Wiki/Topics/Architecture/CAD 렌더링 최적화.md

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id	title	category	status	canonical_id	aliases	duplicate_of	source_trust_level	confidence_score	verification_status	tags	raw_sources	last_reinforced	github_commit	tech_stack
wiki-2026-0508-cad-렌더링-최적화	CAD 렌더링 최적화	10_Wiki/Topics	verified	self	CAD Rendering Optimization CAD Performance Engineering Visualization	none	A	0.9	applied	cad rendering gpu lod webgpu		2026-05-10	pending	language framework TypeScript WebGPU/Three.js

CAD 렌더링 최적화

매 한 줄

"매 millions-of-triangles model 의 60fps 표시 = LOD + culling + GPU instancing 의 합.". 매 CAD assembly 는 mechanical part 가 hundreds-of-thousands 단위로 쌓여 brute-force rendering 시 GPU 가 즉사. 매 2026 모던 stack 은 WebGPU + meshlet (Nanite-style) + indirect draw 를 사용해 browser 에서도 native-like performance 달성.

매 핵심

매 bottleneck axis

• Geometry: 매 triangle count — 매 fillet/thread 같은 detail 이 수십 million 까지 폭증.
• Draw call: 매 part 별 separate draw → CPU/GPU sync overhead 가 frame budget 잠식.
• Overdraw: 매 transparent assembly 의 layered fragment shading.
• Memory: 매 32-bit index + per-vertex normal/UV/color → VRAM 빠르게 saturate.

매 technique stack

• Tessellation control: 매 NURBS → mesh 변환 시 view-dependent chord tolerance.
• LOD: 매 distance / screen-coverage 기반 mesh swap.
• Frustum / occlusion culling: 매 BVH + Hi-Z buffer.
• Instancing: 매 동일 part (bolt/screw) 의 single draw call.
• Meshlet (Nanite-like): 매 cluster 단위 GPU culling + virtual geometry.
• Deferred shading: 매 overdraw 비용 절감.

매 응용

1. Onshape / Fusion 360 web: 매 browser 안 assembly editing.
2. Plant 3D walkthrough: 매 oil refinery / factory digital twin.
3. AR overlay: 매 Vision Pro / Quest 3 의 maintenance instruction.
4. VR design review: 매 stakeholder 의 immersive walkthrough.

💻 패턴

Screen-space LOD selection

function pickLOD(part: CadPart, camera: Camera): number {
  const screenCoverage = projectedRadius(part.bounds, camera) / camera.viewport.height;
  if (screenCoverage > 0.3) return 0;       // full mesh
  if (screenCoverage > 0.1) return 1;       // 1/4 triangles
  if (screenCoverage > 0.03) return 2;      // 1/16 triangles
  if (screenCoverage > 0.005) return 3;     // billboard
  return -1;                                 // cull entirely
}

GPU instancing for fasteners

const boltMesh = loadMesh('m6_socket_head.glb');
const transforms = new Float32Array(boltCount * 16);  // packed mat4
fillTransforms(transforms, boltInstances);

device.queue.writeBuffer(instanceBuffer, 0, transforms);
pass.setPipeline(instancedPipeline);
pass.setVertexBuffer(0, boltMesh.vertices);
pass.setVertexBuffer(1, instanceBuffer);
pass.drawIndexed(boltMesh.indexCount, boltCount);  // single call for 50k bolts

BVH-based frustum culling

class BVHNode {
  bounds: AABB;
  children?: [BVHNode, BVHNode];
  parts?: CadPart[];
}

function cullVisible(node: BVHNode, frustum: Frustum, out: CadPart[]) {
  const test = frustum.testAABB(node.bounds);
  if (test === 'outside') return;
  if (test === 'inside' || !node.children) {
    out.push(...(node.parts ?? collectAll(node)));
    return;
  }
  cullVisible(node.children[0], frustum, out);
  cullVisible(node.children[1], frustum, out);
}

Meshlet cluster (Nanite-style)

// WebGPU compute shader — cluster culling
@group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read> meshlets: array<Meshlet>;
@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read_write> visibleList: array<u32>;
@group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> camera: Camera;

@compute @workgroup_size(64)
fn cullMeshlets(@builtin(global_invocation_id) gid: vec3u) {
  let idx = gid.x;
  if (idx >= arrayLength(&meshlets)) { return; }
  let m = meshlets[idx];
  if (frustumTest(m.boundingSphere, camera) &&
      coneTest(m.normalCone, camera.position)) {
    let slot = atomicAdd(&visibleList[0], 1u);
    visibleList[slot + 1u] = idx;
  }
}

Indirect draw aggregation

// One draw call dispatches all visible meshlets
const drawArgs = new Uint32Array([
  indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, baseVertex, firstInstance
]);
device.queue.writeBuffer(indirectBuffer, 0, drawArgs);
pass.drawIndexedIndirect(indirectBuffer, 0);

Progressive streaming

async function streamAssembly(modelId: string) {
  const manifest = await fetch(`/cad/${modelId}/manifest.json`).then(r => r.json());
  // load coarse first → user sees something instantly
  for (const lod of [3, 2, 1, 0]) {
    await Promise.all(manifest.parts.map(p =>
      cache.has(`${p.id}_lod${lod}`) ? null : loadPart(p, lod)
    ));
    requestRedraw();
  }
}

Hi-Z occlusion

// Down-sampled depth pyramid → occluder test before draw
const hiZ = buildHiZPyramid(depthTexture);
for (const part of visibleAfterFrustum) {
  if (occludedByHiZ(part.bounds, hiZ, camera)) continue;
  drawList.push(part);
}

매 결정 기준

상황	Approach
< 100k triangles, single part	brute force, no LOD
1M-10M triangles, assembly	BVH + frustum culling + LOD
10M-100M triangles	+ GPU instancing + meshlets
> 100M (plant/ship)	virtual geometry + streaming + occlusion
Mobile / VR	aggressive LOD + foveated rendering

기본값: BVH culling + 4-tier LOD + instanced fasteners (covers 90% mid-size assemblies).

🔗 Graph

• 부모: Computer_Graphics · GPU_Architecture
• 변형: Nanite_Virtual_Geometry · Mesh_Shaders
• 응용: Digital_Twin · AR_VR_Rendering
• Adjacent: WebGPU · Three.js · Level_of_Detail

🤖 LLM 활용

언제: CAD/BIM viewer 설계, performance bottleneck 분석, LOD threshold tuning. 언제 X: photorealistic offline rendering (path tracing 영역).

❌ 안티패턴

• Per-part separate draw call: 매 50k draws/frame 은 어떤 GPU 도 죽음.
• CPU-side culling only: 매 GPU-driven culling 없이는 modern bandwidth 활용 불가.
• Uniform LOD across assembly: 매 close-up bolt 는 detail 필요, far wall 은 billboard 충분.
• No tessellation budget: 매 NURBS → mesh 변환 시 chord tolerance 가 화면 무관하면 메모리 폭발.

🧪 검증 / 중복

• Verified (Onshape engineering blog 2025, Unreal Nanite SIGGRAPH 2021, WebGPU spec 2024).
• 신뢰도 A.

🕓 Changelog

날짜	변경
2026-05-08	Phase 1
2026-05-10	Manual cleanup — CAD rendering pipeline, LOD, meshlet, WebGPU patterns