2nd/10_Wiki/Topics/Architecture/InstancedMesh.md

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id	title	category	status	canonical_id	aliases	duplicate_of	source_trust_level	confidence_score	verification_status	tags	raw_sources	last_reinforced	github_commit	tech_stack
wiki-2026-0508-instancedmesh	InstancedMesh	10_Wiki/Topics	verified	self	InstancedMesh GPU Instancing three.js InstancedMesh	none	A	0.95	applied	threejs webgl gpu-instancing rendering performance		2026-05-10	pending	language framework JavaScript/TypeScript three.js

InstancedMesh

매 한 줄

"매 thousands of meshes 매 single draw call". THREE.InstancedMesh 매 same-geometry+material 매 N copies 매 GPU instancing 매 single draw — 매 forest, crowd, particle, voxel 의 standard pattern. 2026 매 r170+ 매 BatchedMesh (multi-geometry instancing) 매 추가됨.

매 핵심

매 InstancedMesh vs alternatives

• Mesh × N: 매 N draw calls. 매 simple, 매 slow at >100.
• InstancedMesh: 매 1 draw call, 매 same geom/material, 매 per-instance matrix + color.
• BatchedMesh (r150+): 매 1 draw call, 매 different geom 가능, 매 same material.
• Custom shader InstancedBufferGeometry: 매 full control, 매 boilerplate.

매 Per-instance attributes

• setMatrixAt(i, matrix) — 매 position/rotation/scale.
• setColorAt(i, color) — 매 per-instance tint (requires instanceColor).
• Custom InstancedBufferAttribute — 매 임의 per-instance data (HP, age, type).

매 응용

1. Forest/foliage: 10k 매 trees 매 60fps.
2. Crowd simulation: 매 NPCs 매 unique pose 매 transform.
3. Voxel terrain: 매 cube instance 매 chunk.
4. Particle system: 매 GPU-driven particle.
5. Bullet patterns: 매 bullet hell 매 thousands of bullets.

💻 패턴

Basic InstancedMesh

import * as THREE from 'three';

const count = 10000;
const geom = new THREE.BoxGeometry(1, 1, 1);
const mat  = new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({ color: 0x44aa88 });
const mesh = new THREE.InstancedMesh(geom, mat, count);

const m = new THREE.Matrix4();
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
  m.setPosition(
    (Math.random() - 0.5) * 100,
    (Math.random() - 0.5) * 100,
    (Math.random() - 0.5) * 100
  );
  mesh.setMatrixAt(i, m);
}
mesh.instanceMatrix.needsUpdate = true;
scene.add(mesh);

Per-instance color

mesh.instanceColor = new THREE.InstancedBufferAttribute(
  new Float32Array(count * 3), 3
);
const c = new THREE.Color();
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
  c.setHSL(i / count, 0.7, 0.5);
  mesh.setColorAt(i, c);
}
mesh.instanceColor.needsUpdate = true;

Dynamic update (animated swarm)

const dummy = new THREE.Object3D();
function tick(time) {
  for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
    dummy.position.set(
      Math.sin(time + i) * 10,
      Math.cos(time * 0.5 + i * 0.3) * 5,
      Math.sin(time * 0.3 + i) * 10
    );
    dummy.rotation.y = time + i;
    dummy.updateMatrix();
    mesh.setMatrixAt(i, dummy.matrix);
  }
  mesh.instanceMatrix.needsUpdate = true;
}

Custom per-instance attribute (shader)

const hpAttr = new THREE.InstancedBufferAttribute(new Float32Array(count), 1);
geom.setAttribute('aHp', hpAttr);

mat.onBeforeCompile = (shader) => {
  shader.vertexShader = shader.vertexShader
    .replace('#include <common>', `
      #include <common>
      attribute float aHp;
      varying float vHp;
    `)
    .replace('#include <begin_vertex>', `
      #include <begin_vertex>
      vHp = aHp;
    `);
  shader.fragmentShader = shader.fragmentShader
    .replace('#include <common>', `
      #include <common>
      varying float vHp;
    `)
    .replace('#include <dithering_fragment>', `
      gl_FragColor.rgb = mix(vec3(1,0,0), gl_FragColor.rgb, vHp);
      #include <dithering_fragment>
    `);
};

Frustum culling per instance (CPU side)

const frustum = new THREE.Frustum().setFromProjectionMatrix(
  new THREE.Matrix4().multiplyMatrices(camera.projectionMatrix, camera.matrixWorldInverse)
);
let visible = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < total; i++) {
  if (frustum.containsPoint(positions[i])) {
    visibleMesh.setMatrixAt(visible++, matrices[i]);
  }
}
visibleMesh.count = visible;
visibleMesh.instanceMatrix.needsUpdate = true;

BatchedMesh (r150+, multi-geometry)

const batch = new THREE.BatchedMesh(maxInstances, maxVerts, maxIndices, mat);
const treeId  = batch.addGeometry(treeGeom);
const rockId  = batch.addGeometry(rockGeom);
for (let i = 0; i < 5000; i++) batch.addInstance(i % 2 === 0 ? treeId : rockId);

Raycasting against InstancedMesh

const raycaster = new THREE.Raycaster();
raycaster.setFromCamera(mouse, camera);
const hits = raycaster.intersectObject(mesh);
if (hits.length) {
  const i = hits[0].instanceId;
  console.log('Hit instance', i);
}

매 결정 기준

상황	Approach
매 same geom/material × N (>100)	InstancedMesh
매 different geom × N	BatchedMesh (r150+)
매 fully GPU-driven (compute-style)	InstancedBufferGeometry + WebGPU
매 N < 50	regular Mesh OK
매 LOD per instance	InstancedMesh × LOD level + custom culling

기본값: 매 N ≥ 100 → InstancedMesh.

🔗 Graph

• 부모: three.js · GPU-Instancing
• 변형: BatchedMesh · InstancedBufferGeometry
• 응용: Voxel-Rendering · Particle-Systems · Crowd-Simulation
• Adjacent: WebGPU · Frustum-Culling · LOD

🤖 LLM 활용

언제: 매 three.js 매 thousands of repeated objects; 매 WebGL 매 draw call optimization. 언제 X: 매 단일 unique mesh; 매 Unity (different API); 매 native C++ engine (use API-specific instancing).

❌ 안티패턴

• Per-frame full rebuild: 매 모든 matrix 매 update — 매 변하지 않는 instance 매 skip.
• Forgetting needsUpdate: 매 setMatrixAt 후 매 GPU 매 stale.
• InstancedMesh × different materials: 매 불가능 — BatchedMesh or 분리.
• Raycast against 100k instances every frame: 매 BVH (three-mesh-bvh) 사용.

🧪 검증 / 중복

• Verified (three.js docs r170, official examples webgl_instancing_*, BatchedMesh PR #25556).
• 신뢰도 A.

🕓 Changelog

날짜	변경
2026-05-08	Phase 1
2026-05-10	Manual cleanup — full content (instancing patterns + BatchedMesh)