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2026-05-20 23:52:15 +09:00

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title

WebAssembly

매 한 줄

"매 portable binary — near-native speed 의 web". WASM 매 stack-based VM 의 bytecode — 모든 browser + Node + Wasmtime 의 실행. 2026 modern state 매 Component Model + WASI Preview 2 + GC + threads + SIMD — 매 server / edge / plugin 의 polyglot runtime.

매 핵심

매 binary format

Module: types / functions / memory / tables / imports / exports.
Linear memory: single contiguous ArrayBuffer — i32/i64/f32/f64 + v128 (SIMD).
Stack machine: structured control flow — block/loop/if + br/br_if.
Validation: load-time type-check — 매 sandboxed by design.

매 toolchain (2026)

Rust: wasm-bindgen + wasm-pack — 매 web ecosystem 의 dominant.
C/C++: Emscripten / clang --target=wasm32-wasi.
AssemblyScript: TypeScript-like → WASM.
Go: TinyGo (small binary) / stdlib (large).
Zig / .NET / Kotlin / Swift: 매 first-class targets.

매 응용

CPU-heavy web: video codec / image processing / crypto / physics.
Edge compute: Cloudflare Workers / Fastly Compute@Edge — 매 cold-start <1ms.
Plugin systems: Figma / Shopify Functions / Envoy filters — 매 sandbox.
Server runtime: Wasmtime / Wasmer — 매 polyglot microservices.

💻 패턴

Rust → WASM 매 wasm-bindgen

// lib.rs
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;

#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn fib(n: u32) -> u64 {
    let (mut a, mut b) = (0u64, 1u64);
    for _ in 0..n { let c = a + b; a = b; b = c; }
    a
}

#[wasm_bindgen]
pub struct Engine { state: Vec<f32> }

#[wasm_bindgen]
impl Engine {
    #[wasm_bindgen(constructor)]
    pub fn new() -> Self { Self { state: vec![0.0; 1024] } }
    pub fn step(&mut self, dt: f32) { for x in &mut self.state { *x += dt; } }
}

wasm-pack build --target web

// JS side
import init, { fib, Engine } from './pkg/mylib.js';
await init();
console.log(fib(50));
const e = new Engine();
e.step(0.016);

Streaming instantiate

const { instance } = await WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(
  fetch('/module.wasm'),
  { env: { log: (x) => console.log(x) } }
);
instance.exports.run();

Linear memory 매 zero-copy

const memory = new WebAssembly.Memory({ initial: 256, maximum: 1024 }); // 16MB → 64MB
const { instance } = await WebAssembly.instantiate(bytes, { env: { memory } });
const view = new Uint8Array(memory.buffer, instance.exports.bufPtr(), 1024);
view.set(imageData); // 매 JS → WASM zero-copy
instance.exports.process();

SIMD 매 v128

use std::arch::wasm32::*;
#[target_feature(enable = "simd128")]
pub unsafe fn add_v(a: &[f32], b: &[f32], out: &mut [f32]) {
    for i in (0..a.len()).step_by(4) {
        let va = v128_load(a.as_ptr().add(i) as *const v128);
        let vb = v128_load(b.as_ptr().add(i) as *const v128);
        v128_store(out.as_mut_ptr().add(i) as *mut v128, f32x4_add(va, vb));
    }
}

Threads 매 SharedArrayBuffer

# Build with rayon support
RUSTFLAGS='-C target-feature=+atomics,+bulk-memory' \
  wasm-pack build --target web -- --features parallel

// 매 COOP+COEP header 필수
// HTTP: Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin
//       Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy: require-corp
import init, { initThreadPool, parallel_sum } from './pkg/mylib.js';
await init();
await initThreadPool(navigator.hardwareConcurrency);
parallel_sum(bigArray);

Component Model + WASI

# 매 portable component — host 매 Wasmtime / browser
cargo component build --release
wasmtime serve mycomponent.wasm

// world.wit — 매 interface contract
package my:demo;
world api {
  export greet: func(name: string) -> string;
  import logger: interface { log: func(msg: string); }
}

Edge: Cloudflare Workers

// wrangler.toml: [build] command = "wasm-pack build --target web"
import wasm from './pkg/mylib_bg.wasm';
import { greet } from './pkg/mylib.js';
export default {
  async fetch(req) {
    await initWasm(wasm);
    return new Response(greet('edge'));
  }
};

매 결정 기준

상황	WASM vs JS
Tight numeric loop	WASM 2-5x faster
DOM manipulation	JS — WASM 매 boundary cost
Large library port (FFmpeg, OpenCV)	WASM
<1KB hot path	JS — load + boundary overhead
Plugin sandbox	WASM 매 isolation
Edge cold-start	WASM — <1ms vs JS 5-50ms

기본값: hot CPU path 의 Rust+wasm-bindgen / 일반 web logic 의 JS.

🔗 Graph

응용: Cloudflare Workers
Adjacent: Web Worker (웹 워커)

🤖 LLM 활용

언제: CPU-bound hot path / portable plugin sandbox / edge runtime / large native library port. 언제 X: simple business logic — JS 매 충분 / DOM-heavy work / small one-off scripts.

❌ 안티패턴

JS↔WASM crossing in loop: boundary cost ~50-200ns — batch across boundary.
No streaming compile: instantiate(bytes) 의 main-thread block — instantiateStreaming 사용.
Memory growth thrash: pre-size WebAssembly.Memory.maximum.
String marshalling: UTF-8 copy 매 expensive — pass pointer+len, decode batch.

🧪 검증 / 중복

Verified (WebAssembly Specification 2.0 / WASI Preview 2 / W3C WebAssembly WG).
신뢰도 A.

🕓 Changelog

날짜	변경
2026-05-08	Phase 1
2026-05-10	Manual cleanup — toolchain, SIMD, threads, Component Model, edge patterns

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