---
id: wiki-2026-0508-accessibility-a11y
title: Accessibility (A11y)
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [A11y, Web Accessibility, WCAG]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [accessibility, a11y, wcag, aria, frontend]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: HTML/CSS/JS
  framework: WCAG 2.2
---

# Accessibility (A11y)

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 사용자가 매 콘텐츠에 매 접근 가능"**. A11y는 visual/auditory/motor/cognitive 장애 사용자도 web product를 사용할 수 있도록 design + implement 하는 practice. 2026 기준 WCAG 2.2가 standard, EU EAA 강제 발효(2025-06)로 commercial site 의 legal requirement.

## 매 핵심

### 매 4 원칙 (POUR)
- **Perceivable**: 매 contrast, alt text, captions — 매 sense 통해 perceive 가능.
- **Operable**: keyboard nav, focus management, no seizure-triggering content.
- **Understandable**: clear language, predictable behavior, input help.
- **Robust**: valid semantic HTML, ARIA correct, assistive tech compatible.

### 매 ARIA vs Semantic HTML
- **First rule**: 매 native HTML element 가 있으면 ARIA 의 X. `<button>` > `<div role="button">`.
- **ARIA 사용 case**: dynamic widget (combobox, tabpanel, dialog), live region, no native equivalent.

### 매 응용
1. WCAG 2.2 AA conformance — most legal threshold.
2. Screen reader testing (VoiceOver/NVDA/JAWS).
3. Keyboard-only navigation flow.

## 💻 패턴

### Skip link
```html
<a href="#main" class="skip-link">Skip to main content</a>
<style>
.skip-link {
  position: absolute;
  left: -9999px;
}
.skip-link:focus {
  left: 0; top: 0;
  background: #000; color: #fff;
  padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
  z-index: 100;
}
</style>
<main id="main" tabindex="-1">...</main>
```

### Accessible modal (focus trap)
```tsx
import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react';

function Modal({ isOpen, onClose, children }) {
  const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
  const lastFocus = useRef<HTMLElement | null>(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    if (!isOpen) return;
    lastFocus.current = document.activeElement as HTMLElement;
    ref.current?.focus();

    const onKey = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
      if (e.key === 'Escape') onClose();
    };
    document.addEventListener('keydown', onKey);
    return () => {
      document.removeEventListener('keydown', onKey);
      lastFocus.current?.focus();
    };
  }, [isOpen]);

  if (!isOpen) return null;
  return (
    <div
      role="dialog"
      aria-modal="true"
      aria-labelledby="modal-title"
      ref={ref}
      tabIndex={-1}
    >
      <h2 id="modal-title">Confirm</h2>
      {children}
    </div>
  );
}
```

### Live region for async updates
```html
<div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" id="status"></div>
<script>
  // 매 새로운 toast 매 polite 알림
  document.getElementById('status').textContent = 'Saved successfully';
</script>
```

### Form validation with aria-describedby
```html
<label for="email">Email</label>
<input
  id="email"
  type="email"
  aria-invalid="true"
  aria-describedby="email-err"
  required
/>
<span id="email-err" role="alert">유효한 이메일 입력</span>
```

### Visually hidden but screen-reader visible
```css
.sr-only {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px; height: 1px;
  padding: 0; margin: -1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0,0,0,0);
  white-space: nowrap;
  border: 0;
}
```

### Color contrast check (WCAG AA = 4.5:1 for body)
```ts
function relLuminance(rgb: [number, number, number]) {
  const [r, g, b] = rgb.map(v => {
    v /= 255;
    return v <= 0.03928 ? v / 12.92 : ((v + 0.055) / 1.055) ** 2.4;
  });
  return 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b;
}
function contrast(a: [number,number,number], b: [number,number,number]) {
  const [L1, L2] = [relLuminance(a), relLuminance(b)].sort((x,y) => y-x);
  return (L1 + 0.05) / (L2 + 0.05);
}
```

### Reduced motion
```css
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  * {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
}
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| Custom widget | ARIA + keyboard handler |
| Native equivalent 존재 | Use semantic HTML, no ARIA |
| Async status | `aria-live="polite"` |
| Critical alert | `role="alert"` (assertive) |
| Modal | focus trap + `aria-modal="true"` |

**기본값**: semantic HTML first, ARIA only as supplement.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Frontend]] · [[WCAG]]
- 변형: [[ARIA]] · [[Screen Reader]]
- 응용: [[Focus Management]]
- Adjacent: [[Semantic HTML]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: ARIA pattern lookup, WCAG criterion explanation, accessibility audit script generation.
**언제 X**: real screen reader testing — manual + actual AT 사용 필수.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **div soup**: 매 `<div onclick>` — keyboard 의 X.
- **alt="image"**: meaningless alt — describe content or `alt=""` for decorative.
- **Removed focus outline**: `outline:none` without replacement — keyboard user 의 lost.
- **Color-only signal**: error 만 red — 매 color blind user invisible.
- **ARIA overuse**: `role="button"` on `<button>` — redundant + harmful.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (WCAG 2.2 W3C Recommendation 2023, ARIA 1.2 spec).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — A11y 4 원칙 + ARIA pattern 정리 |