---
id: wiki-2026-0508-cognitive-constraints
title: Cognitive Constraints (Conway's Law & Cognitive Load)
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Conway's Law, cognitive load, team topology, distributed cognition, mental model]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [architecture, conway-law, team-topology, cognitive-load, distributed-systems, organization, devex]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: org / architecture
  applicable_to: [Team Design, System Architecture, Engineering Org]
---

# Cognitive Constraints

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 architecture 의 organization 의 communication 의 mirror"** (Conway 1967). 매 distributed system 의 cognitive load 의 explosion. 매 modern: Team Topologies (Skelton-Pais) — 매 stream-aligned + 매 platform + 매 enabling + 매 complicated subsystem.

## 매 핵심

### Conway's Law (1967)
> "Any organization that designs a system... will produce a design whose structure is a copy of the organization's communication structure."

→ 매 system 의 boundary = 매 team 의 boundary.

### Inverse Conway Maneuver
- 매 desired architecture 의 force → 매 team structure 의 reorganize.
- 매 architecture-first organization design.
- 매 Spotify model, 매 Amazon "two-pizza team".

### Team Topologies (Skelton & Pais 2019)
4 team type:
1. **Stream-Aligned**: 매 user-facing capability 의 own.
2. **Platform**: 매 internal infra service.
3. **Enabling**: 매 stream-aligned 의 specialty 의 transfer.
4. **Complicated Subsystem**: 매 specialist (ML, security).

3 interaction:
- **Collaboration**: 매 close partnership.
- **X-as-a-Service**: 매 platform 의 consume.
- **Facilitating**: 매 enabling 의 support.

### Cognitive Load (3 type, Sweller 1988)
1. **Intrinsic**: 매 task 의 inherent complexity.
2. **Extraneous**: 매 unnecessary (poor doc, friction).
3. **Germane**: 매 schema building (productive).

→ 매 team 의 capacity 의 finite — 매 design 의 reduce.

### 매 architecture 의 cognitive load
| Pattern | Cognitive Load |
|---|---|
| Monolith | Mid (one big mental model) |
| Modular Monolith | Mid-Low |
| Microservices (small) | Per-service Low + 매 cross-system High |
| Serverless | Low per-function + 매 distributed High |
| Distributed Monolith | High (worst) |

### 매 modern signal
- **DevEx (Developer Experience)** 의 metric.
- **Cognitive load survey** (DX scale).
- **Build time, deploy time, time-to-first-PR**.
- **Onboarding 의 weeks**.

### 매 응용
1. **Org redesign**: 매 architecture follow.
2. **Microservices boundary**: 매 team boundary 의 align.
3. **Platform team**: 매 "as-a-service".
4. **Documentation**: 매 reduce extraneous load.
5. **Tooling**: 매 abstract complexity.

### 매 anti-pattern
- 매 fragmented team (matrix maze).
- 매 god team (everyone everything).
- 매 platform 의 stream-aligned 의 confuse.
- 매 cognitive load 의 measure X.

## 💻 패턴 (응용)

### Team Topologies design
```yaml
teams:
  - name: Checkout
    type: stream-aligned
    domain: checkout / payment / cart
    consumes: [Platform/Auth, Platform/Notifications]
  
  - name: Search
    type: stream-aligned
    domain: search / recommendation
    consumes: [Platform/Data, Platform/ML]
  
  - name: Platform/Auth
    type: platform
    api: 'auth.example.com (OAuth, SSO)'
    consumed_by: [all stream-aligned]
  
  - name: Platform/Data
    type: platform
    api: 'event bus, data warehouse'
  
  - name: ML/Recommendation
    type: complicated_subsystem
    consumed_by: [Search]
  
  - name: SRE Enablement
    type: enabling
    works_with: [Checkout, Search]  # 매 transfer SRE practice
    duration: 'temporary, 6-12 months'
```

### Cognitive load survey (DX)
```python
def dx_survey(team):
    questions = [
        ('How easy is it to onboard new engineers?', 1, 5),
        ('How easy to find an answer to a code question?', 1, 5),
        ('How fast can you ship a small change end-to-end?', 1, 5),
        ('How confident are you the change won't break unrelated parts?', 1, 5),
        ('How clear are your team's responsibilities?', 1, 5),
    ]
    
    responses = collect_anonymous(team, questions)
    return {
        'avg_score': np.mean([r['score'] for r in responses]),
        'low_scores': [q for q, r in responses if r < 3],  # 매 priority
    }
```

### Inverse Conway Maneuver
```python
def design_org_for_architecture(target_architecture):
    """매 architecture → 매 team structure."""
    team_structure = []
    for service in target_architecture.services:
        if service.tier == 'product':
            team_structure.append({
                'name': f'{service.name} Team',
                'type': 'stream-aligned',
                'owns': service.bounded_context,
            })
        elif service.tier == 'platform':
            team_structure.append({
                'name': f'Platform/{service.name}',
                'type': 'platform',
                'sla': service.sla,
            })
    
    # 매 communication path 의 explicit
    for service_a, service_b in target_architecture.dependencies:
        team_a = find_team(team_structure, service_a)
        team_b = find_team(team_structure, service_b)
        team_a['interacts_with'] = team_a.get('interacts_with', []) + [{
            'team': team_b['name'],
            'type': 'x-as-a-service',
        }]
    
    return team_structure
```

### Cognitive load reduction (platform pattern)
```ts
// 매 BEFORE: 매 team 의 매 service 의 모두 의 manage
class CheckoutTeamConcerns {
  // - DB connection pool config
  // - Kafka producer config
  // - Auth token refresh
  // - Logging / tracing setup
  // - Metric / alert setup
  // - K8s deployment YAML
  // - Secret rotation
  // - DR / backup
  // - ... + 매 actual checkout logic.
}

// 매 AFTER: 매 platform 의 abstraction
import { platform } from '@company/platform';

class Checkout {
  constructor(
    private auth = platform.auth,
    private db = platform.db.transactional,
    private events = platform.eventBus,
  ) {}
  
  async checkout(cart) {
    // 매 only domain logic.
    const user = await this.auth.requireUser();
    const order = await this.db.transaction(async (tx) => {
      const o = await tx.orders.create({ user, cart });
      await tx.payments.charge(o);
      return o;
    });
    await this.events.emit('order.created', order);
    return order;
  }
}
```

### Documentation as load reduction
```markdown
# Service: Checkout

## Why
[1 sentence]

## Architecture (C4 container level)
[diagram or link]

## How to run locally (5 min)
1. ...
2. ...

## Common questions
- Where is auth handled? → see Platform/Auth.
- How do I add a new payment method? → see ADR-0042.

## Who to ask
- General: @checkout-team
- Auth: @platform-auth
- DB: @platform-data
```

### Bounded context boundary check
```python
def check_team_alignment(team, services):
    """매 team 의 own 의 service 가 매 single bounded context?"""
    contexts = set(s.bounded_context for s in services if s.team == team.name)
    
    if len(contexts) > 2:
        return f'WARN: team {team.name} owns {len(contexts)} contexts — split risk'
    if len(contexts) == 0:
        return f'WARN: team {team.name} has no clear ownership'
    return 'OK'
```

### Stream-aligned vs Platform decision
```python
def classify_capability(capability):
    """매 stream vs platform 의 결정."""
    if capability.directly_user_facing and capability.differentiator:
        return 'stream-aligned'  # 매 own
    if capability.commodity and capability.consumed_by_many:
        return 'platform'  # 매 build platform OR 매 buy
    if capability.specialist_skill_required:
        return 'complicated-subsystem'
    return 'enabling-or-rotate'
```

## 🤔 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| New product team | Stream-aligned + clear domain |
| Common infra | Platform team |
| Specialist (ML) | Complicated subsystem |
| Skill transfer | Enabling team (temporary) |
| Microservice mess | Modular monolith first |
| High cognitive load | Platform abstraction |
| Onboarding slow | Doc + golden path |

**기본값**: Inverse Conway + 매 team-topology-aware design + 매 platform 의 reduce 매 load.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Software-Architecture]]
- 변형: [[Team Topologies]] · [[Inverse-Conway]] · [[Cognitive Load Theory|Cognitive-Load-Theory]]
- 응용: [[Bounded Contexts (DDD)]] · [[Microservices]] · [[Platform-Engineering]]
- Adjacent: [[Software Architecture Styles]] · [[Architecture Anti-patterns]] · [[Bottlenecks]] · [[Asset-Specific-Knowledge]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 매 org redesign. 매 team boundary. 매 platform strategy. 매 onboarding optimization.
**언제 X**: 매 single team / single product. 매 < 5 person.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Architecture without team thought**: 매 Conway 의 violate.
- **Matrix team (no clear owner)**: 매 ambiguity.
- **God team**: 매 cognitive load 폭발.
- **Platform 의 ivory tower**: 매 stream 의 ignore.
- **Microservices first (small team)**: 매 mismatch.
- **No doc**: 매 extraneous load.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Conway 1967, Skelton-Pais 2019, Sweller cognitive load).
- 신뢰도 A.
- Related: [[Software Architecture Styles]] · [[Bounded Contexts (DDD)]] · [[Architecture Anti-patterns]] · [[Codebase_Onboarding_Guide]] · [[Asset-Specific-Knowledge]].

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — Conway + Team Topologies + cognitive load + 매 platform abstraction code |