---
id: wiki-2026-0508-webgl-api
title: WebGL API
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [WebGL, WebGL API, WebGL 1.0, WebGL 2.0]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [webgl, graphics, gpu, gles]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: JavaScript/GLSL
  framework: Web Platform
---

# WebGL API

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 OpenGL ES 의 web — canvas 의 GPU draw"**. WebGL 매 OpenGL ES 2.0 (WebGL1) / ES 3.0 (WebGL2) binding 의 browser. 2026 매 WebGPU rising 매 WebGL 매 still ubiquitous — fallback / wide compatibility 의 사용.

## 매 핵심

### 매 pipeline
- **Vertex shader**: per-vertex transform — clip space.
- **Rasterizer**: triangles → fragments.
- **Fragment shader**: per-pixel color.
- **Framebuffer**: render target — default canvas / FBO offscreen.

### 매 핵심 objects
- **Buffer** (`ARRAY_BUFFER`, `ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER`): vertex / index data.
- **Texture** (2D / cube / 3D-WebGL2 / array-WebGL2).
- **Program**: vertex + fragment shader linked.
- **VAO** (WebGL2): vertex attribute state.
- **UBO** (WebGL2): uniform block — efficient bulk uniform.
- **Framebuffer / Renderbuffer**: offscreen render targets.

### 매 응용
1. **3D libraries**: Three.js / Babylon.js / PlayCanvas.
2. **2D accelerated**: PixiJS / Konva.
3. **Data viz**: deck.gl / Mapbox GL / regl.
4. **Games / interactive**: itch.io HTML5 / Unity WebGL build.

## 💻 패턴

### 매 minimal triangle
```js
const canvas = document.querySelector('canvas');
const gl = canvas.getContext('webgl2');

const vs = `#version 300 es
in vec2 a_pos;
void main() { gl_Position = vec4(a_pos, 0.0, 1.0); }`;

const fs = `#version 300 es
precision highp float;
out vec4 fragColor;
void main() { fragColor = vec4(1.0, 0.5, 0.2, 1.0); }`;

function compile(type, src) {
  const s = gl.createShader(type);
  gl.shaderSource(s, src); gl.compileShader(s);
  if (!gl.getShaderParameter(s, gl.COMPILE_STATUS)) throw gl.getShaderInfoLog(s);
  return s;
}
const prog = gl.createProgram();
gl.attachShader(prog, compile(gl.VERTEX_SHADER, vs));
gl.attachShader(prog, compile(gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER, fs));
gl.linkProgram(prog);

const vao = gl.createVertexArray();
gl.bindVertexArray(vao);
const vbo = gl.createBuffer();
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array([0, 0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.5, -0.5]), gl.STATIC_DRAW);
const loc = gl.getAttribLocation(prog, 'a_pos');
gl.enableVertexAttribArray(loc);
gl.vertexAttribPointer(loc, 2, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);

gl.useProgram(prog);
gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
```

### Texture upload
```js
const tex = gl.createTexture();
gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, tex);
gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA8, w, h, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);
gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.LINEAR);
gl.generateMipmap(gl.TEXTURE_2D);
```

### Instanced rendering (WebGL2)
```js
gl.vertexAttribDivisor(instanceLoc, 1); // advance per instance
gl.drawArraysInstanced(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, 6, 10000); // 10k instances 1 draw call
```

### Uniform Buffer Object (WebGL2)
```js
const ubo = gl.createBuffer();
gl.bindBuffer(gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, ubo);
gl.bufferData(gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, mat4Buffer, gl.DYNAMIC_DRAW);
const idx = gl.getUniformBlockIndex(prog, 'Camera');
gl.uniformBlockBinding(prog, idx, 0);
gl.bindBufferBase(gl.UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0, ubo);
```

### Framebuffer (offscreen / render-to-texture)
```js
const fbo = gl.createFramebuffer();
gl.bindFramebuffer(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, fbo);
const tex = gl.createTexture();
gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, tex);
gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA16F, w, h, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.HALF_FLOAT, null);
gl.framebufferTexture2D(gl.FRAMEBUFFER, gl.COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.TEXTURE_2D, tex, 0);
// 매 render → tex, then post-process
```

### Transform Feedback (WebGL2 GPU compute-ish)
```js
gl.bindBufferBase(gl.TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BUFFER, 0, outBuf);
gl.beginTransformFeedback(gl.POINTS);
gl.drawArrays(gl.POINTS, 0, particleCount);
gl.endTransformFeedback();
```

### Context loss handling
```js
canvas.addEventListener('webglcontextlost', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); });
canvas.addEventListener('webglcontextrestored', () => { rebuildResources(); });
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | WebGL vs WebGPU |
|---|---|
| 2026 wide compatibility | WebGL2 — Safari iOS / older Android |
| Compute shader | WebGPU |
| Multi-pass complex | WebGPU 매 cleaner state model |
| Existing Three.js / Babylon | WebGL2 fallback + WebGPU primary |
| Simple 2D accel | WebGL2 / 2D canvas |
| AAA-grade graphics | WebGPU |

**기본값**: Three.js with WebGPURenderer + WebGL2 fallback.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[OpenGL ES]]
- 변형: [[WebGPU]]
- 응용: [[Threejs]] · [[Babylonjs]]
- Adjacent: [[GLSL]] · [[OffscreenCanvas]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: cross-browser 3D / 2D GPU accel / data viz / WebGPU 의 fallback.
**언제 X**: heavy compute (no compute shader in WebGL) / cutting-edge graphics — WebGPU 사용.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **State thrash**: bind/unbind every draw — batch by program/texture.
- **Sync readback**: `readPixels` 매 GPU stall — use PBO async (WebGL2).
- **No VAO**: re-binding attributes every draw — VAO 매 cache.
- **Uniform per draw call**: UBO 의 bulk update / instancing.
- **Premultiply confusion**: alpha blending 의 incorrect — `UNPACK_PREMULTIPLY_ALPHA_WEBGL`.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Khronos WebGL 1.0/2.0 spec / MDN WebGL API).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — pipeline, VAO, UBO, FBO, instancing, transform feedback |