---
id: wiki-2026-0508-principles
title: Principles
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Software Engineering Principles, Design Principles]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [design, principles, engineering, meta]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: meta
  framework: cross-language
---

# Principles

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 software engineering 매 invariant guidelines — 매 decade-tested heuristics 매 specific tech 매 무관 적용"**. SOLID (Robert C. Martin 2000), DRY/KISS/YAGNI (XP 1999), Composition over Inheritance (GoF 1994) 매 backbone, 매 2026 매 LLM-augmented coding 매 시대 매 여전히 readability/maintainability 매 governing axis.

## 매 핵심

### 매 SOLID
- **S — Single Responsibility**: 매 module 매 매 reason-to-change 매 하나.
- **O — Open/Closed**: 매 extension 매 open, 매 modification 매 closed.
- **L — Liskov Substitution**: 매 subtype 매 base type 매 자리 매 대체 가능.
- **I — Interface Segregation**: 매 client 매 unused method 매 의존 X.
- **D — Dependency Inversion**: 매 high-level module 매 low-level 매 의존 X — 매 abstraction 매 의존.

### 매 핵심 short heuristics
- **DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself)**: 매 knowledge 매 single representation.
- **KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid)**: 매 simplest thing 매 works.
- **YAGNI (You Aren't Gonna Need It)**: 매 future-need 매 가정 X.
- **Composition over Inheritance**: 매 has-a 매 is-a 보다 flexible.
- **Tell, Don't Ask**: 매 object 매 데이터 묻지 말고 매 행동 요청.
- **Law of Demeter**: 매 friend-of-friend 매 의존 X (`a.b.c.d()` 매 X).
- **Principle of Least Astonishment**: 매 행동 매 사용자 expectation 매 일치.
- **Fail Fast**: 매 오류 매 early surface — 매 silent corruption 매 X.
- **Boy Scout Rule**: 매 떠날 때 매 코드 매 더 깨끗하게.

### 매 응용
1. Code review checklist (SOLID violations, DRY 적용 검토).
2. Architecture decision record (principle 매 trade-off rationale).
3. Onboarding (junior dev 매 mental model).
4. LLM prompt engineering (gen 시 매 principle 매 명시 → quality ↑).

## 💻 패턴

### SRP — split reasons-to-change
```ts
// 매 BAD — 매 두 reasons (HTTP + persistence)
class UserController {
  async register(req, res) {
    const user = req.body
    if (!user.email) return res.status(400).send('email required')
    await db.query('INSERT INTO users ...', [user])
    return res.send('ok')
  }
}

// 매 GOOD
class UserController {
  constructor(private validator: UserValidator, private repo: UserRepo) {}
  async register(req, res) {
    const result = this.validator.validate(req.body)
    if (!result.ok) return res.status(400).send(result.error)
    await this.repo.save(req.body)
    return res.send('ok')
  }
}
```

### OCP — strategy pattern
```ts
// 매 BAD — 매 새 type 매 추가 시 매 modify
function calc(shape: Shape): number {
  switch (shape.kind) {
    case 'circle': return Math.PI * shape.r ** 2
    case 'square': return shape.side ** 2
    // 매 새 type → 매 여기 수정 필요
  }
}

// 매 GOOD — 매 extension 매 open
interface Shape { area(): number }
class Circle implements Shape { constructor(public r: number) {}; area() { return Math.PI * this.r ** 2 } }
class Square implements Shape { constructor(public side: number) {}; area() { return this.side ** 2 } }
class Triangle implements Shape { /* 매 새 file — 매 기존 코드 unchanged */ }
```

### LSP — substitutability
```ts
// 매 BAD — Square 매 Rectangle 의 LSP 위반
class Rectangle {
  constructor(public w: number, public h: number) {}
  setW(w: number) { this.w = w }
  setH(h: number) { this.h = h }
}
class Square extends Rectangle {
  setW(w: number) { this.w = w; this.h = w } // 매 surprise
  setH(h: number) { this.w = h; this.h = h }
}
function expand(r: Rectangle) {
  r.setW(5); r.setH(10)
  console.assert(r.w === 5 && r.h === 10) // Square 매 fail
}

// 매 GOOD — 매 hierarchy 분리 / composition
```

### ISP — fat interface 매 분할
```ts
// 매 BAD
interface Worker {
  work(): void
  eat(): void
  sleep(): void
}
class Robot implements Worker {
  work() {}
  eat() { throw new Error('robots dont eat') } // 매 ISP 위반
  sleep() { throw new Error('robots dont sleep') }
}

// 매 GOOD
interface Workable { work(): void }
interface Eatable { eat(): void }
interface Sleepable { sleep(): void }
class Robot implements Workable { work() {} }
class Human implements Workable, Eatable, Sleepable { /* */ }
```

### DIP — depend on abstractions
```ts
// 매 BAD — 매 high-level (OrderService) 매 low-level (MysqlOrderRepo) 매 의존
class OrderService {
  private repo = new MysqlOrderRepo()
  place(order: Order) { this.repo.save(order) }
}

// 매 GOOD
interface OrderRepo { save(o: Order): Promise<void> }
class OrderService {
  constructor(private repo: OrderRepo) {}
  place(o: Order) { return this.repo.save(o) }
}
class MysqlOrderRepo implements OrderRepo { /* */ }
class PostgresOrderRepo implements OrderRepo { /* */ }
```

### Composition over Inheritance
```ts
// 매 BAD
class Duck {
  fly() { /* */ }
  quack() { /* */ }
}
class RubberDuck extends Duck {
  fly() { throw new Error("can't fly") } // 매 LSP 위반
}

// 매 GOOD — 매 strategy composition
interface FlyBehavior { fly(): void }
interface QuackBehavior { quack(): void }
class Duck {
  constructor(private flyB: FlyBehavior, private quackB: QuackBehavior) {}
  performFly() { this.flyB.fly() }
  performQuack() { this.quackB.quack() }
}
const rubberDuck = new Duck(new FlyNoWay(), new Squeak())
const mallard = new Duck(new FlyWithWings(), new NormalQuack())
```

### Tell Don't Ask
```ts
// 매 BAD — 매 ask
if (account.balance > amount) {
  account.balance -= amount
  ledger.record(amount)
}

// 매 GOOD — 매 tell
account.withdraw(amount, ledger) // 매 객체 매 캡슐화 + 매 invariant 매 보장
```

### Law of Demeter
```ts
// 매 BAD — 매 train wreck
const street = order.customer.address.street

// 매 GOOD — 매 method 매 노출
const street = order.customerStreet() // 매 Order 매 delegate
```

### Fail Fast
```ts
// 매 BAD — 매 silent fallback
function parse(s: string) {
  try { return JSON.parse(s) } catch { return {} } // 매 caller 매 깨진 data 매 모름
}

// 매 GOOD — 매 explicit
function parse(s: string): Result<unknown, Error> {
  try { return { ok: true, value: JSON.parse(s) } }
  catch (e) { return { ok: false, error: e as Error } }
}
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Principle |
|---|---|
| God class refactor | SRP — split |
| 매 새 변형 매 추가 매 잦은 수정 | OCP — strategy |
| Subtype 매 caller surprise | LSP — rethink hierarchy |
| Interface 매 unused methods | ISP — split |
| Hard-coded dependency | DIP — inject |
| Repeated code 3+ places | DRY — extract |
| Speculative generality | YAGNI — delete |
| Surprise behavior | Least Astonishment — rename/redesign |
| Hidden errors | Fail Fast — throw early |

**기본값**: 매 SOLID + 매 KISS + 매 YAGNI — 매 over-abstraction 매 함정 매 회피.

## 🔗 Graph
- 변형: [[SOLID]] · [[Clean-Architecture]] · [[Hexagonal-Architecture]]
- 응용: [[Code-Review]] · [[Refactoring_Best_Practices|Refactoring]] · [[Architecture-Decision-Record]]
- Adjacent: [[Design-Patterns]] · [[Domain-Driven-Design]] · [[Test-Driven-Development]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 매 design review, 매 refactor planning, 매 principle violation 매 식별, 매 mentoring/teaching context.
**언제 X**: 매 throwaway script (overhead), 매 dogmatic application — 매 principle 매 means 매 X end.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **매 principle 매 dogma**: 매 SRP 매 따라 매 1-line class 매 폭발 — 매 trade-off.
- **DRY over-application**: 매 coincidental duplication 매 동일 함수 묶음 — 매 false abstraction.
- **YAGNI 매 결여**: 매 "future-proof" 매 매 무한 layer.
- **DIP 매 always**: 매 simple CRUD 매 abstract repo — 매 over-engineer.
- **OCP 매 rule**: 매 모든 enum 매 polymorphism 변환 — 매 readability ↓.
- **Pattern dropping**: 매 Strategy/Factory/Observer 매 nameset — 매 problem 매 first.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Clean Code/Architecture by R.C. Martin, Design Patterns GoF, Pragmatic Programmer).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — SOLID + heuristics + violation/fix patterns matrix |