---
id: wiki-2026-0508-cpu-overhead
title: CPU Overhead
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [CPU Cost, JS Main Thread Cost]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [performance, cpu, main-thread, profiling]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: JavaScript
  framework: Browser/Node
---

# CPU Overhead

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 main thread 매 free 매 fast UI"**. CPU overhead는 JS execution / parsing / hydration / re-render에 소비되는 main-thread time — 이게 길어지면 INP가 무너지고 user input이 lag한다. 2026 INP가 LCP를 대체한 third Core Web Vital이 되어 CPU profile + scheduling이 frontend 의 first concern.

## 매 핵심

### 매 source
- **Parse + compile**: download된 JS bytes → AST → bytecode (V8 측정 시 KB 당 ~1ms low-end mobile).
- **Hydration**: SSR HTML 위 React/Vue 매 attach.
- **Re-render**: state change → diff → DOM commit.
- **Long task** (>50ms): block input.

### 매 측정
- Chrome Performance panel — flame chart, "Long tasks".
- `PerformanceObserver` API on `longtask`.
- React Profiler / Vue Devtools timeline.
- Web Vitals — INP, TBT.

### 매 응용
1. JS payload 줄이기 → less parse.
2. Hydration partial / streaming.
3. Heavy work → Web Worker / requestIdleCallback / startTransition.

## 💻 패턴

### Long task observer
```ts
const obs = new PerformanceObserver((list) => {
  for (const entry of list.getEntries()) {
    if (entry.duration > 50) {
      console.warn(`Long task: ${entry.duration.toFixed(0)}ms`, entry);
    }
  }
});
obs.observe({ type: 'longtask', buffered: true });
```

### Yield to main thread
```ts
function yieldToMain() {
  return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
}

async function processChunks(items: Item[]) {
  for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
    process(items[i]);
    if (i % 100 === 0) await yieldToMain();
  }
}
```

### scheduler.yield (Chrome 129+)
```ts
async function processBig(items: Item[]) {
  for (const item of items) {
    process(item);
    if ('scheduler' in window && 'yield' in (window as any).scheduler) {
      await (window as any).scheduler.yield();
    }
  }
}
```

### Web Worker offload
```ts
// worker.ts
self.onmessage = (e) => {
  const result = heavyTransform(e.data);
  self.postMessage(result);
};

// main.ts
const w = new Worker(new URL('./worker.ts', import.meta.url), { type: 'module' });
w.postMessage(largeData);
w.onmessage = (e) => render(e.data);
```

### React startTransition
```tsx
import { startTransition, useState } from 'react';

function Search() {
  const [q, setQ] = useState('');
  const [results, setResults] = useState<Item[]>([]);

  function onChange(e) {
    setQ(e.target.value);                      // urgent
    startTransition(() => {
      setResults(filter(allItems, e.target.value)); // background
    });
  }
  return <input value={q} onChange={onChange} />;
}
```

### useDeferredValue
```tsx
function Page({ filter }) {
  const deferredFilter = useDeferredValue(filter);
  const items = useMemo(() => filterBig(deferredFilter), [deferredFilter]);
  return <List items={items} />;
}
```

### requestIdleCallback for non-critical
```ts
const work = [...];
function schedule() {
  if (!work.length) return;
  requestIdleCallback((deadline) => {
    while (work.length && deadline.timeRemaining() > 0) {
      doOne(work.shift());
    }
    schedule();
  });
}
schedule();
```

### Avoid layout thrash
```ts
// X — 매 read after write 매 force reflow
els.forEach(el => {
  el.style.width = '100px';
  console.log(el.offsetWidth); // forced sync layout
});

// O — 매 batch read, batch write
const widths = els.map(el => el.offsetWidth);
els.forEach((el, i) => el.style.width = widths[i] + 1 + 'px');
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| Heavy compute (parse/transform) | Web Worker |
| Long list render | virtualization (TanStack Virtual) |
| Filter on input | useDeferredValue / startTransition |
| Background prefetch | requestIdleCallback |
| Animation | CSS / RAF, no JS-driven layout |

**기본값**: measure → smallest fix → re-measure.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Frontend Performance]] · [[Core Web Vitals Optimization (INP, LCP, CLS)|Core Web Vitals]]
- 변형: [[INP]]
- 응용: [[Web Worker]] · [[Concurrent Features|Concurrent Rendering]]
- Adjacent: [[Bundle Size Optimization]] · [[Hydration]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: long task identification, scheduler API generation, INP debug script.
**언제 X**: real device profiling — DevTools / WebPageTest 필수.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **JS-driven animation**: setInterval + style 변경 — RAF / CSS 사용.
- **Sync XMLHttpRequest**: 매 main block — fetch async 사용.
- **Force layout in loop**: read after write — batch.
- **Hydration of static page**: islands / partial hydration.
- **Massive context provider**: 매 모든 child re-render — split context.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (web.dev INP guide, Chrome scheduler API, React 19 docs).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — CPU overhead pattern + scheduler API |