---
id: backend-service-discovery
title: Service Discovery — DNS / Consul / K8s
category: Coding
status: draft
source_trust_level: B
verification_status: conceptual
created_at: 2026-05-09
updated_at: 2026-05-09
tags: [backend, service-discovery, vibe-coding]
tech_stack: { language: "TS / K8s / Consul", applicable_to: ["Backend"] }
applied_in: []
aliases: [service discovery, service mesh, DNS-SD, Consul, Eureka, K8s service]
---

# Service Discovery

> 마이크로서비스 = 어떻게 서로 찾지? **K8s Service (DNS) / Consul / Eureka / Service Mesh**. Client-side vs server-side discovery.

## 📖 핵심 개념
- DNS-based: 가장 단순. K8s 가 사용.
- Server-side: LB 가 routing. AWS ALB.
- Client-side: client 가 instance 선택. Eureka.
- Service mesh: sidecar 가 처리. Istio.

## 💻 코드 패턴

### K8s Service (DNS)
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: orders
  namespace: prod
spec:
  selector:
    app: orders
  ports:
    - port: 80
      targetPort: 3000
```

→ DNS: `orders.prod.svc.cluster.local`.

```ts
// Client
const r = await fetch('http://orders.prod.svc.cluster.local/api/list');
// 또는 same-namespace
const r = await fetch('http://orders/api/list');
```

→ K8s 가 자동 LB + health check.

### Headless service (직접 IP list)
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: redis
spec:
  clusterIP: None  # headless
  selector: { app: redis }
  ports: [{ port: 6379 }]
```

→ DNS 가 모든 pod IP 반환. Client 가 선택 — Redis cluster 같은 stateful.

### Consul
```bash
# Consul agent 설치
consul agent -dev
```

```ts
// Service 등록
import Consul from 'consul';
const consul = new Consul();

await consul.agent.service.register({
  name: 'orders',
  id: `orders-${hostname}`,
  address: '10.0.0.5',
  port: 3000,
  check: {
    http: 'http://10.0.0.5:3000/health',
    interval: '10s',
    timeout: '5s',
  },
});

// Service 찾기
const services = await consul.health.service('orders');
const healthy = services.filter(s => s.Checks.every(c => c.Status === 'passing'));
const target = healthy[Math.floor(Math.random() * healthy.length)].Service;

const r = await fetch(`http://${target.Address}:${target.Port}/api/list`);
```

### Consul DNS interface
```bash
# Consul 가 자동 DNS server (port 8600)
dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 orders.service.consul

# Or 시스템 DNS forwarding 설정 후
dig orders.service.consul
```

### Service Mesh (Istio / Linkerd) discovery
```
Sidecar proxy 가 자동:
- Service registry
- Health check
- Traffic split
- Retry / circuit breaker

App 코드는 그냥 "http://orders" — mesh 가 routing.
```

→ 위 [[DevOps_Service_Mesh_Deep]].

### AWS ECS / App Runner / ALB
```hcl
resource "aws_service_discovery_service" "orders" {
  name = "orders"
  
  dns_config {
    namespace_id = aws_service_discovery_private_dns_namespace.main.id
    dns_records {
      ttl = 10
      type = "A"
    }
  }
  
  health_check_custom_config { failure_threshold = 1 }
}

# ECS service
resource "aws_ecs_service" "orders" {
  name = "orders"
  service_registries {
    registry_arn = aws_service_discovery_service.orders.arn
  }
}
```

→ `orders.acme.local` DNS.

### Eureka (Netflix, Java/Spring)
```java
// Spring Cloud
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class App { ... }

// Application.yml
eureka:
  client:
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://eureka:8761/eureka/
```

→ Spring 사용자.

### Health check
```ts
app.get('/healthz', (req, res) => {
  // Liveness — process 살아있나
  res.status(200).end();
});

app.get('/readyz', async (req, res) => {
  // Readiness — 준비됐나 (DB OK, deps OK)
  try {
    await db.query('SELECT 1');
    await redis.ping();
    res.status(200).end();
  } catch {
    res.status(503).end();
  }
});

app.get('/startupz', (req, res) => {
  // Startup — 처음 시작 OK?
  if (initialized) res.status(200).end();
  else res.status(503).end();
});
```

```yaml
# K8s
livenessProbe:
  httpGet: { path: /healthz, port: 3000 }
  periodSeconds: 10
  failureThreshold: 3
readinessProbe:
  httpGet: { path: /readyz, port: 3000 }
  periodSeconds: 5
  failureThreshold: 2
startupProbe:
  httpGet: { path: /startupz, port: 3000 }
  failureThreshold: 30
  periodSeconds: 2
```

### 패턴: Liveness vs Readiness 차이
```
Liveness 실패 → pod restart.
Readiness 실패 → traffic 차단 (그러나 살아있음).

Use case:
- DB connection 끊김 → Readiness fail (try reconnect)
- Memory leak / deadlock → Liveness fail (restart)
- 시작 중 (DB migration) → Startup probe
```

### Client-side load balancing (round-robin)
```ts
class ServicePool {
  private instances: Instance[] = [];
  private idx = 0;
  
  async refresh() {
    const services = await consul.health.service('orders');
    this.instances = services.filter(s => s.Checks.every(c => c.Status === 'passing'));
  }
  
  next(): Instance {
    if (this.instances.length === 0) throw new Error('no instances');
    const inst = this.instances[this.idx % this.instances.length];
    this.idx++;
    return inst;
  }
}

// 매 30초 refresh
setInterval(() => pool.refresh(), 30000);
```

### gRPC built-in resolver
```
gRPC = DNS resolver 자동.
Round-robin LB built-in.
xDS protocol (Envoy) 통합.
```

```ts
// gRPC client
const client = new OrderServiceClient('dns:///orders.prod.svc.cluster.local:50051', grpc.credentials.createInsecure(), {
  'grpc.lb_policy_name': 'round_robin',
});
```

### Service Mesh discovery 의 장점
```
- 자동 mTLS
- 자동 retry / CB
- Traffic split
- Observability built-in
- Multi-cluster discovery
```

→ Istio / Linkerd / Linkerd / Consul Connect.

### External services
```yaml
# K8s ExternalName service
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata: { name: stripe }
spec:
  type: ExternalName
  externalName: api.stripe.com
```

→ App 가 `http://stripe` 호출.

### Dynamic config (env vs DNS)
```
Env var:    배포 시 정해짐.
DNS:        runtime 변경 가능.

→ 자주 변경 = DNS / discovery.
```

## 🤔 의사결정 기준
| 환경 | 추천 |
|---|---|
| K8s | Service (DNS) |
| 비-K8s + 다중 instance | Consul / Eureka |
| AWS ECS | Service Discovery |
| Service mesh 전체 | Istio / Linkerd |
| 단일 service | DNS / env var 충분 |
| 매우 dynamic | xDS / Consul |

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **IP hardcode prod**: 변경 시 깨짐.
- **DNS TTL 길음 (3600s)**: stale endpoint. 10-60s.
- **Health check 없음**: dead instance 트래픽.
- **Liveness = Readiness 같음**: restart 무한.
- **Discovery 의존 + cache 없음**: registry 다운 시 모두 dead.
- **Single-zone**: AZ 다운 = 모두.
- **Manual scale**: K8s HPA / AWS auto-scaling.

## 🤖 LLM 활용 힌트
- K8s = Service + DNS 자동.
- Consul = 비-K8s 표준.
- Liveness ≠ Readiness.
- Service mesh = 큰 cluster 의 답.

## 🔗 관련 문서
- [[Backend_Health_Check_Patterns]]
- [[DevOps_Service_Mesh_Deep]]
- [[DevOps_Kubernetes_Basics]]