---
id: wiki-2026-0508-testability-architecture
title: Testability Architecture
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Test-Friendly Architecture, Design for Testability]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [testing, architecture, dependency-injection, seams]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: TypeScript
  framework: Vitest
---

# Testability Architecture

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 testable design 은 testing 의 byproduct 가 아니라 cause"**. Michael Feathers 의 *Working Effectively with Legacy Code* 의 seam 개념 + Dependency Inversion 의 결합. 매 unit test 의 어려움 = 매 design problem 의 signal.

## 매 핵심

### 매 testability dimensions (Robert Binder 1994)
- **Observability**: 매 internal state 의 inspection.
- **Controllability**: 매 input 의 injection.
- **Isolability**: 매 unit 의 independent execution.
- **Predictability**: 매 deterministic output.

### 매 seam types (Feathers)
- **Object seam**: 매 polymorphism (interface + implementation swap).
- **Preprocessor seam**: 매 macro / build flag.
- **Link seam**: 매 link-time symbol 의 replacement.

### 매 응용
1. 매 hard-to-test code = refactor signal — 매 hidden coupling.
2. Dependency injection 의 systematic 적용.
3. Pure function core + I/O shell (functional core, imperative shell).

## 💻 패턴

### Dependency injection
```typescript
// Bad: hidden dependency, untestable
class OrderService {
  async placeOrder(order: Order) {
    const result = await fetch('https://api.stripe.com/charge', { /* ... */ });
    await db.query('INSERT INTO orders ...');
  }
}

// Good: injected, testable
interface PaymentGateway { charge(amount: number): Promise<ChargeResult>; }
interface OrderRepo { save(order: Order): Promise<void>; }

class OrderService {
  constructor(private payments: PaymentGateway, private repo: OrderRepo) {}
  async placeOrder(order: Order) {
    await this.payments.charge(order.total);
    await this.repo.save(order);
  }
}

// Test
it('saves order after payment', async () => {
  const payments = { charge: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ok: true }) };
  const repo = { save: vi.fn() };
  const svc = new OrderService(payments, repo);
  await svc.placeOrder(makeOrder({ total: 100 }));
  expect(repo.save).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
```

### Functional core, imperative shell
```typescript
// Pure core (easy to test)
export function calculateInvoice(order: Order, taxRules: TaxRule[]): Invoice {
  const subtotal = order.items.reduce((s, i) => s + i.price * i.qty, 0);
  const tax = applyTaxRules(subtotal, taxRules);
  return { subtotal, tax, total: subtotal + tax };
}

// Imperative shell (thin, integration-tested)
export async function generateInvoice(orderId: string) {
  const order = await db.orders.findById(orderId);
  const rules = await db.taxRules.findActive();
  const invoice = calculateInvoice(order, rules);  // pure
  await db.invoices.save(invoice);
  await emailService.send(order.customerId, invoice);
}
```

### Hexagonal port for time
```typescript
interface Clock { now(): Date; }

class SystemClock implements Clock { now() { return new Date(); } }
class FakeClock implements Clock {
  constructor(private fixed: Date) {}
  now() { return this.fixed; }
  advance(ms: number) { this.fixed = new Date(this.fixed.getTime() + ms); }
}

class TokenService {
  constructor(private clock: Clock) {}
  isExpired(token: { expiresAt: Date }) {
    return this.clock.now() > token.expiresAt;
  }
}
```

### Test data builder
```typescript
class OrderBuilder {
  private order: Order = { id: 'o1', items: [], total: 0, status: 'pending' };
  withItem(item: Item) { this.order.items.push(item); return this; }
  withStatus(s: OrderStatus) { this.order.status = s; return this; }
  build() { return { ...this.order }; }
}

// Usage
const order = new OrderBuilder()
  .withItem({ sku: 'A', price: 10, qty: 2 })
  .withStatus('paid')
  .build();
```

### Sprout method (Feathers — adding to legacy)
```typescript
// Legacy untestable
function processBatch(records: Record[]) {
  for (const r of records) {
    // ... 200 lines of mess ...
    db.update(r);
  }
}

// Add new logic via sprout (pure, testable)
export function shouldArchive(record: Record, today: Date): boolean {
  return today.getTime() - record.createdAt.getTime() > 365 * 86400_000;
}

function processBatch(records: Record[]) {
  const today = new Date();
  for (const r of records) {
    if (shouldArchive(r, today)) { /* new branch */ }
    // ... existing mess unchanged ...
  }
}
```

### Humble object pattern
```typescript
// View has no logic — humble
class CartView {
  render(model: CartViewModel) { /* pure rendering */ }
}

// Presenter has all logic — testable without DOM
class CartPresenter {
  buildViewModel(cart: Cart): CartViewModel { /* pure */ }
}
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| Side-effect heavy code | Inject dependencies |
| Time-sensitive logic | Clock port |
| Complex object graphs in tests | Test data builder |
| Legacy untouchable | Sprout method/class |
| UI logic | Humble object |

**기본값**: 매 constructor injection + 매 functional core + 매 ports for I/O.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Technical-Architecture]] · [[Test-Driven_Development]]
- 변형: [[Hexagonal Architecture]] · [[Clean Architecture]]
- 응용: [[Dependency Injection]] · [[Test Doubles (테스트 대역)]]
- Adjacent: [[Test Automation Pyramid]] · [[The Two Hats]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: refactor for testability, seam identification, DI introduction.
**언제 X**: 매 framework-specific DI container choice — 매 ecosystem convention 의 우선.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Mock everything**: 매 mock soup — 매 test 가 implementation 의 mirror.
- **Static singletons**: untestable — 매 global state 의 source.
- **`new` in business logic**: hidden dependency.
- **Test private methods**: 매 leak — public surface 만 test.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Feathers 2004 *WELC*; Binder 1994 testability metrics).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — seams + DI + functional core patterns |