---
id: wiki-2026-0508-belief-system
title: Belief System
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Belief System, Agent Belief, Knowledge Base, BDI Beliefs]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.85
verification_status: applied
tags: [agent-architecture, ai, bdi, knowledge-representation]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: python
  framework: bdi,langchain,owl-rdf
---

# Belief System

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 agent 의 'world 가 such-and-such' 의 internal model — 매 perception update · inference 로 부터 의 derive"**. Bratman 1987 BDI (Belief-Desire-Intention) 의 origin, 2026 의 LLM agent 의 working memory · scratchpad · long-term memory store 의 modern incarnation.

## 매 핵심

### 매 component
- **Belief base**: fact set (logical · probabilistic · embedding-vector).
- **Update rule**: perception → belief revision (AGM postulates).
- **Query interface**: 매 plan 의 condition 의 check.
- **Consistency check**: contradiction 의 detect · resolve.

### 매 representation
- **Symbolic**: Prolog · Datalog · OWL/RDF.
- **Probabilistic**: Bayesian network · Markov logic.
- **Vector/embedding**: 매 modern LLM agent — chunked text + embedding store.
- **Hybrid**: structured fact + free-text (most 2026 agent system).

### 매 응용
1. 매 BDI agent (JADE · Jadex · Jason).
2. Robot world model (ROS knowledge_base).
3. LLM agent scratchpad (Claude · LangGraph state).

## 💻 패턴

### BDI-style belief base (Python)
```python
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Any

@dataclass
class BeliefBase:
    facts: dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
    confidence: dict[str, float] = field(default_factory=dict)

    def add(self, key: str, value: Any, conf: float = 1.0):
        if key in self.facts and self.facts[key] != value:
            # contradiction → keep higher-confidence
            if conf <= self.confidence[key]: return
        self.facts[key] = value
        self.confidence[key] = conf

    def query(self, key: str) -> tuple[Any, float] | None:
        if key not in self.facts: return None
        return self.facts[key], self.confidence[key]

bb = BeliefBase()
bb.add("door_open", True, 0.9)
bb.add("battery_pct", 73, 1.0)
```

### LLM agent: belief 의 prompt-injected scratchpad
```python
def build_prompt(beliefs: BeliefBase, task: str) -> str:
    facts = "\n".join(
        f"- {k}: {v} (conf={c:.2f})"
        for k, (v, c) in [(k, (bb.facts[k], bb.confidence[k])) for k in bb.facts]
    )
    return f"""You are an agent with the following beliefs:
{facts}

Task: {task}
Plan your next action and explain reasoning."""
```

### Bayesian belief update (sensor fusion)
```python
def bayes_update(prior: float, likelihood: float, evidence: float) -> float:
    """P(H|E) = P(E|H) * P(H) / P(E)"""
    return likelihood * prior / evidence

# Door 의 open 의 prior 0.5, sensor 의 reading "open" 의 likelihood 0.9, evidence 0.6
posterior = bayes_update(0.5, 0.9, 0.6)  # 0.75
```

### Vector belief store (long-term memory)
```python
import chromadb

client = chromadb.PersistentClient("./agent_memory")
beliefs = client.get_or_create_collection("beliefs")

beliefs.upsert(
    ids=["b-001"],
    documents=["User prefers vegetarian restaurants in 5km radius"],
    metadatas=[{"source": "user_pref_2026-04-12", "conf": 0.95}],
)

hits = beliefs.query(query_texts=["restaurant recommendation"], n_results=5)
```

### Belief revision (AGM contraction)
```python
def contract(bb: BeliefBase, fact: str):
    """Remove fact + minimal additional facts to restore consistency."""
    if fact in bb.facts:
        del bb.facts[fact]
        del bb.confidence[fact]
    # Naive — production uses entrenchment ordering
```

### LangGraph stateful belief
```python
from langgraph.graph import StateGraph
from typing import TypedDict

class AgentState(TypedDict):
    beliefs: dict
    desires: list[str]
    intentions: list[str]

def perceive(state: AgentState) -> AgentState:
    state["beliefs"]["weather"] = call_weather_api()
    return state

graph = StateGraph(AgentState).add_node("perceive", perceive)
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Representation |
|---|---|
| 매 deterministic rule-based | Datalog · Prolog |
| Uncertain sensor data | Bayesian network |
| Open-domain text · LLM agent | Vector embedding + scratchpad |
| Robot · spatial | Probabilistic occupancy grid + KB |
| Multi-agent · negotiation | KQML · FIPA + symbolic KB |

**기본값**: hybrid — symbolic skeleton (key fact 의 dict) + vector store (free-text long-term).

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Agent Architecture]] · [[Knowledge Representation]]
- 변형: [[Bayesian_Inference]]
- Adjacent: [[A2A]] · [[Belief Revision]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: belief base 의 natural-language form 의 store (e.g. user preference summary), scratchpad 의 reasoning step 의 record.
**언제 X**: 매 safety-critical inference (medical · industrial) — LLM 의 hallucinate · 매 symbolic verifiable 의 require.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **No revision policy**: belief 의 add-only — contradictory state 의 accumulate.
- **Confidence 의 ignore**: 매 fact 의 binary present/absent — sensor noise 의 not handle.
- **Global belief blob**: 매 agent 의 share — privacy · ownership 의 unclear → BDI per-agent KB.
- **Vector-only memory**: 매 deterministic recall (e.g. "what is user's name") 의 unreliable — symbolic key/value 의 mix.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Bratman 1987, AGM 1985, FIPA agent specs, LangGraph docs, ChromaDB docs).
- 신뢰도 A-.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — BDI + 2026 LLM hybrid (vector + symbolic) |