---
id: frontend-a11y-modern
title: Modern Accessibility — ARIA / focus / keyboard
category: Coding
status: draft
source_trust_level: B
verification_status: conceptual
created_at: 2026-05-09
updated_at: 2026-05-09
tags: [frontend, accessibility, vibe-coding]
tech_stack: { language: "TS / React", applicable_to: ["Frontend"] }
applied_in: []
aliases: [a11y, accessibility, ARIA, focus management, keyboard nav, screen reader, WCAG]
---

# Modern Accessibility (a11y)

> 사용자 의 ~15% 가 disability. **WCAG 2.2, ARIA, focus, keyboard, screen reader**.

## 📖 핵심 개념
- Native HTML 가 best (button, anchor, label, ...).
- ARIA 가 last resort.
- Keyboard 가 first-class.
- Screen reader test.

## 💻 코드 패턴

### Semantic HTML
```html
<!-- ❌ -->
<div onclick='submit()'>Submit</div>

<!-- ✅ -->
<button type='submit'>Submit</button>
```

→ 90% 의 a11y 가 native.

### Heading hierarchy
```html
<h1>Page title</h1>
  <h2>Section 1</h2>
    <h3>Subsection</h3>
  <h2>Section 2</h2>
```

→ Skip level 안 됨.

### Label
```html
<label for='email'>Email</label>
<input id='email' type='email' />

<!-- 또는 -->
<label>
  Email
  <input type='email' />
</label>
```

→ Screen reader 가 명확.

### ARIA (last resort)
```html
<div role='button' tabindex='0' onclick='...' onkeydown='...'>
  Custom button
</div>
```

→ Native 가 안 가능 시 만.

### ARIA attributes
```html
<button aria-label='Close' aria-pressed='false'>×</button>

<input aria-describedby='hint' />
<span id='hint'>At least 8 characters</span>

<div aria-live='polite'>Status update</div>
<div aria-live='assertive'>Error: ...</div>
```

### Focus management
```ts
// Trap (modal)
function trapFocus(container: HTMLElement) {
  const focusable = container.querySelectorAll('a[href], button:not([disabled]), input, select, textarea, [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])');
  const first = focusable[0] as HTMLElement;
  const last = focusable[focusable.length - 1] as HTMLElement;
  
  container.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
    if (e.key !== 'Tab') return;
    if (e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === first) {
      e.preventDefault();
      last.focus();
    } else if (!e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === last) {
      e.preventDefault();
      first.focus();
    }
  });
  
  first.focus();
}
```

→ Modal / dialog 안 만 tab.

### Restore focus
```ts
function openModal() {
  const previousFocus = document.activeElement as HTMLElement;
  // ... show modal
  
  // On close
  previousFocus.focus();
}
```

### Skip link
```html
<a href='#main' class='skip-link'>Skip to content</a>

<style>
.skip-link {
  position: absolute;
  top: -40px;
  left: 0;
}
.skip-link:focus { top: 0; }
</style>
```

→ Screen reader / keyboard user 가 navigation skip.

### Keyboard navigation
```
Tab: 다음 focusable.
Shift+Tab: 옛.
Enter / Space: button.
Escape: modal close.
Arrow: list / menu / radio.
```

```tsx
function Menu({ items }: { items: string[] }) {
  const [activeIdx, setActiveIdx] = useState(0);
  
  const onKeyDown = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
    if (e.key === 'ArrowDown') setActiveIdx(i => Math.min(items.length - 1, i + 1));
    if (e.key === 'ArrowUp') setActiveIdx(i => Math.max(0, i - 1));
    if (e.key === 'Enter') select(items[activeIdx]);
  };
  
  // ...
}
```

### Focus visible
```css
/* :focus 는 mouse 도 */
button:focus { outline: 2px solid blue; }

/* :focus-visible = keyboard 만 */
button:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid blue; }
button:focus:not(:focus-visible) { outline: none; }
```

### Color contrast
```
WCAG AA: 4.5:1 (normal text).
WCAG AAA: 7:1.

→ Tools: WebAIM contrast checker.
Tailwind 도 contrast warning.
```

### Reduced motion
```css
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  *, *::before, *::after {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
}
```

→ Vestibular disorder.

### Reduced motion (JS)
```ts
const prefersReduced = window.matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches;
```

### Screen reader test
```
macOS: VoiceOver (Cmd + F5).
Windows: NVDA (free) / JAWS.
iOS: VoiceOver.
Android: TalkBack.

→ Manual test 가 진짜.
```

### Auto test (axe-core)
```ts
import { axe } from 'jest-axe';

test('accessible', async () => {
  const { container } = render(<MyComponent />);
  expect(await axe(container)).toHaveNoViolations();
});
```

→ Automated audit.

### Lighthouse / Pa11y
```bash
lighthouse https://example.com --only-categories=accessibility
pa11y https://example.com
```

→ CI gate.

### React (a11y)
```tsx
// React 의 accessible component
<button aria-label='Close' onClick={close}>
  <X />
</button>

// Form
<form>
  <label htmlFor='email'>Email</label>
  <input id='email' type='email' aria-required='true' />
  {error && <p id='email-error' role='alert'>{error}</p>}
</form>
```

### Radix / shadcn (a11y baked in)
```tsx
import * as Dialog from '@radix-ui/react-dialog';

<Dialog.Root>
  <Dialog.Trigger>Open</Dialog.Trigger>
  <Dialog.Content>...</Dialog.Content>
</Dialog.Root>
```

→ Focus trap, Escape, ARIA 자동.

→ [[Frontend_shadcn_Radix_Patterns]].

### Image alt
```html
<img src='hero.jpg' alt='Person typing on laptop' />

<!-- Decorative -->
<img src='divider.svg' alt='' role='presentation' />
```

### Form error
```html
<label for='email'>Email</label>
<input id='email' aria-invalid='true' aria-describedby='email-err' />
<span id='email-err' role='alert'>Required</span>
```

### Live region
```html
<div role='status' aria-live='polite'>
  Item added to cart
</div>

<div role='alert' aria-live='assertive'>
  Network error
</div>
```

→ Dynamic update 가 announce.

### Mobile a11y
```
iOS:
- VoiceOver, accessibilityLabel.
- Dynamic Type (font size).

Android:
- TalkBack, contentDescription.
- Talkback gesture.

React Native:
- accessibilityLabel.
- accessibilityHint.
- accessibilityRole.
```

### Modern HTML 5 elements
```html
<header>, <nav>, <main>, <article>, <section>, <aside>, <footer>
<dialog>, <details>, <summary>
```

→ Semantic + a11y free.

### Popover (modern)
```html
<button popovertarget='my-popover'>Open</button>
<div id='my-popover' popover='auto'>Content</div>
```

→ Native + a11y 자동.

### High contrast
```css
@media (prefers-contrast: more) {
  /* high contrast styles */
}

@media (forced-colors: active) {
  /* Windows high contrast */
}
```

### Cognitive a11y
```
- Clear language.
- Consistent navigation.
- Error prevention.
- Help text.
- Reasonable defaults.

→ Beyond visual / motor.
```

### Legal
```
ADA (US) — lawsuit risk.
EAA (EU 2025) — required.
WCAG 2.1 AA = baseline.
Section 508 (US gov) — required.

→ 큰 브랜드 = legal team 검증.
```

### CI gate
```yaml
- run: npx pa11y http://localhost:3000
- run: npx axe http://localhost:3000
- run: npx lighthouse-ci
```

### 함정
```
- onClick 가 div: keyboard X.
- ARIA 가 native 대신 사용: 잘못 가능.
- Focus 가 잃음: keyboard user lost.
- Color 만 information: blind 가 X.
- Auto-play: vestibular.
- Time limit: cognitive disability.
```

## 🤔 의사결정 기준
| 작업 | 추천 |
|---|---|
| Component | Native HTML > ARIA |
| Modal | Radix / shadcn |
| Form | Native label + aria-describedby |
| Animation | prefers-reduced-motion |
| Color | Contrast checker |
| Test | axe + manual screen reader |
| CI | pa11y / Lighthouse |

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **div + onClick**: keyboard X.
- **No label**: screen reader X.
- **Color 만 info**: blind 가 X.
- **No focus indicator**: keyboard X.
- **Modal 가 focus trap X**: lost.
- **Auto-play**: vestibular.
- **No alt**: image 의 의미 X.

## 🤖 LLM 활용 힌트
- Native HTML 가 best.
- Radix / shadcn 가 a11y baked in.
- axe + manual screen reader test.
- prefers-reduced-motion 항상.

## 🔗 관련 문서
- [[Frontend_A11y_Testing]]
- [[Frontend_shadcn_Radix_Patterns]]
- [[React_Accessibility_Patterns]]