---
id: wiki-2026-0508-monorepo
title: Monorepo
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Mono Repo, Single Repository, Polyrepo Alternative]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [monorepo, build-system, turborepo, nx, bazel]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: typescript
  framework: turborepo-nx
---

# Monorepo

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 single repo, 매 multiple project, 매 shared code, 매 atomic commit"**. Google/Meta scale 의 Bazel/Buck 의 origin. 2026 mainstream 의 Turborepo 2.x / Nx 21 / pnpm workspaces — 매 small team 도 의 monorepo 의 가능.

## 매 핵심

### 매 benefit
- **Atomic refactor**: 매 lib API change + 매 caller update 의 1 PR.
- **Shared dependency**: 매 single version policy. No "diamond dep" hell.
- **Code reuse**: 매 internal lib import 의 trivial.
- **Unified tooling**: 매 lint, test, CI 의 1 config.

### 매 cost
- **Build complexity**: 매 selective rebuild 의 essential.
- **Repo size**: 매 git clone 의 slow. Sparse checkout / partial clone.
- **CI scaling**: 매 every PR 의 entire repo 의 test = N/A. Affected-only.
- **Access control**: 매 fine-grained permission 의 hard.

### 매 응용
1. Frontend + backend + shared types: pnpm workspaces.
2. 50+ packages, JS/TS heavy: Turborepo or Nx.
3. Polyglot (Go + Rust + TS), large: Bazel/Pants.

## 💻 패턴

### pnpm workspace
```yaml
# pnpm-workspace.yaml
packages:
  - "apps/*"
  - "packages/*"
```

```json
// apps/web/package.json
{
  "name": "@acme/web",
  "dependencies": { "@acme/ui": "workspace:*" }
}
```

### Turborepo pipeline
```json
// turbo.json
{
  "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json",
  "tasks": {
    "build": {
      "dependsOn": ["^build"],
      "outputs": ["dist/**", ".next/**", "!.next/cache/**"]
    },
    "test": {
      "dependsOn": ["build"],
      "outputs": ["coverage/**"]
    },
    "lint": {},
    "dev": { "cache": false, "persistent": true }
  }
}
```

```bash
# build only affected by changes since main
turbo run build --filter=...[origin/main]
```

### Nx affected
```bash
nx affected -t build test lint --base=origin/main
nx graph --affected
```

### Remote cache (Turborepo)
```bash
npx turbo login
npx turbo link
# pushes/pulls cache from Vercel
```

### Shared TS config
```json
// packages/tsconfig/base.json
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "es2022",
    "module": "esnext",
    "moduleResolution": "bundler",
    "strict": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true
  }
}

// apps/web/tsconfig.json
{ "extends": "@acme/tsconfig/base.json" }
```

### Dependency boundary (ESLint)
```json
{
  "rules": {
    "@nx/enforce-module-boundaries": ["error", {
      "depConstraints": [
        { "sourceTag": "scope:web", "onlyDependOnLibsWithTags": ["scope:web", "scope:shared"] },
        { "sourceTag": "scope:api", "onlyDependOnLibsWithTags": ["scope:api", "scope:shared"] }
      ]
    }]
  }
}
```

### Changesets (versioning)
```bash
pnpm changeset           # author intent
pnpm changeset version   # bump versions
pnpm changeset publish   # publish to npm
```

### Sparse checkout
```bash
git clone --filter=blob:none --sparse https://github.com/acme/monorepo
cd monorepo
git sparse-checkout set apps/web packages/ui
```

### CI: changed-files matrix
```yaml
# .github/workflows/ci.yml
jobs:
  changes:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    outputs:
      packages: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.changes }}
    steps:
      - uses: dorny/paths-filter@v3
        id: filter
        with:
          filters: |
            web: apps/web/**
            api: apps/api/**
            ui: packages/ui/**
  build:
    needs: changes
    strategy:
      matrix: { pkg: ${{ fromJSON(needs.changes.outputs.packages) }} }
    steps:
      - run: pnpm --filter @acme/${{ matrix.pkg }} build
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| 2-5 packages, JS/TS | pnpm workspaces only |
| 5-50 packages, JS/TS | Turborepo + remote cache |
| 50+ packages, plugin ecosystem | Nx |
| Polyglot, Google-scale | Bazel / Pants / Buck2 |

**기본값**: pnpm + Turborepo (TS-heavy projects).

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Source-Control]]
- 응용: [[Modular-Programming]]
- Adjacent: [[Bazel]] · [[Nx]] · [[Turborepo]] · [[pnpm]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 매 task pipeline 의 setup, dependency graph 의 visualize, affected-only command 의 generate, package.json 의 boilerplate.
**언제 X**: 매 organizational decision (mono vs poly) — Conway's law + team topology judgment.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **No build cache**: 매 PR 의 매 full rebuild = CI cost explosion.
- **Inconsistent tooling**: 매 package 의 own ESLint config = chaos.
- **Cyclic package deps**: A → B → A. nx graph / turbo 의 detect.
- **Ignoring affected**: 매 always full test = 매 monorepo 의 advantage 의 lose.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Turborepo docs, Nx docs, "Software Engineering at Google" Ch 16, Vercel monorepo handbook 2025).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — canonical monorepo with Turborepo/Nx/pnpm patterns |