---
id: wiki-2026-0508-micro-interactions
title: Micro-interactions
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Microinteractions, UI Micro-animations, Tiny UX]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [ux, ui, animation, design, frontend]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: typescript
  framework: react-framer-motion
---

# Micro-interactions

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 작은 순간이 매 product 의 personality 를 결정한다."**. Micro-interaction 은 매 single task 를 중심으로 한 매 작은 UX moment — toggle, like, error feedback, hover state. Dan Saffer 의 매 4-part model (Trigger / Rules / Feedback / Loops & Modes) 이 표준. 매 well-crafted 매 micro-interaction 은 매 product 를 매 functional → 매 delightful 로 매 끌어올림.

## 매 핵심

### 매 Saffer's 4 parts
1. **Trigger**: user 가 시작 (click) 또는 system (notification).
2. **Rules**: 매 무엇이 일어나는지 (state transition).
3. **Feedback**: 매 user 에게 결과 알림 (visual / sound / haptic).
4. **Loops & Modes**: 매 시간에 따른 변화, 매 special state.

### 매 언제 사용
- **Status communication**: loading, saving, online/offline.
- **Affordance hint**: hover, focus, disabled.
- **Error prevention**: input validation 즉시 feedback.
- **Reward**: like animation, achievement unlock.
- **Branding**: 매 unique transition 으로 매 personality.

### 매 design 원칙
- **빠르게**: 매 100-300ms — 매 너무 길면 매 friction.
- **Purposeful**: 매 deco 아닌 매 information 전달.
- **Consistent**: 매 동일 action → 매 동일 feedback.
- **Respectful**: `prefers-reduced-motion` 존중.
- **Subtle by default**: 매 hero animation 은 매 rare.

### 매 performance
- 매 transform/opacity 만 사용 (compositor only — GPU).
- 매 layout/paint trigger 회피 (width, height, top, left).
- 매 will-change 의 sparing 사용.

## 💻 패턴

### CSS toggle (transform only)
```css
.toggle {
  width: 44px; height: 24px;
  background: #ccc;
  border-radius: 12px;
  transition: background 200ms ease;
  position: relative;
  cursor: pointer;
}
.toggle::after {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  top: 2px; left: 2px;
  width: 20px; height: 20px;
  background: white;
  border-radius: 50%;
  transition: transform 200ms cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}
.toggle.on { background: #4ade80; }
.toggle.on::after { transform: translateX(20px); }

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .toggle, .toggle::after { transition: none; }
}
```

### Framer Motion (React)
```tsx
import { motion, AnimatePresence } from 'framer-motion';

function LikeButton({ liked, onToggle }: { liked: boolean; onToggle: () => void }) {
  return (
    <motion.button
      whileTap={{ scale: 0.9 }}
      whileHover={{ scale: 1.05 }}
      onClick={onToggle}
      aria-pressed={liked}
    >
      <AnimatePresence mode="wait">
        <motion.span
          key={liked ? 'on' : 'off'}
          initial={{ scale: 0.5, opacity: 0 }}
          animate={{ scale: 1, opacity: 1 }}
          exit={{ scale: 0.5, opacity: 0 }}
          transition={{ duration: 0.15 }}
        >
          {liked ? '❤️' : '🤍'}
        </motion.span>
      </AnimatePresence>
    </motion.button>
  );
}
```

### Skeleton loading
```tsx
const Skeleton = () => (
  <motion.div
    className="h-4 bg-gray-200 rounded"
    animate={{ opacity: [0.5, 1, 0.5] }}
    transition={{ duration: 1.5, repeat: Infinity, ease: 'easeInOut' }}
  />
);
```

### Optimistic UI (form submit)
```tsx
function CommentForm({ onSubmit }: { onSubmit: (text: string) => Promise<void> }) {
  const [pending, setPending] = useState(false);
  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);

  return (
    <form onSubmit={async (e) => {
      e.preventDefault();
      const text = (e.target as any).text.value;
      setPending(true);
      setError(null);
      try {
        await onSubmit(text);
      } catch (err) {
        setError('Failed. Try again.');
      } finally {
        setPending(false);
      }
    }}>
      <input name="text" disabled={pending} />
      <motion.button
        whileTap={{ scale: 0.95 }}
        animate={pending ? { opacity: 0.6 } : { opacity: 1 }}
        disabled={pending}
      >
        {pending ? 'Posting…' : 'Post'}
      </motion.button>
      <AnimatePresence>
        {error && (
          <motion.div
            initial={{ opacity: 0, y: -4 }}
            animate={{ opacity: 1, y: 0 }}
            exit={{ opacity: 0 }}
            role="alert"
          >{error}</motion.div>
        )}
      </AnimatePresence>
    </form>
  );
}
```

### Inline validation
```tsx
function EmailInput() {
  const [value, setValue] = useState('');
  const [touched, setTouched] = useState(false);
  const valid = /\S+@\S+\.\S+/.test(value);
  const showError = touched && !valid && value.length > 0;

  return (
    <div>
      <input
        type="email"
        value={value}
        onChange={(e) => setValue(e.target.value)}
        onBlur={() => setTouched(true)}
        aria-invalid={showError}
      />
      <AnimatePresence>
        {showError && (
          <motion.span
            initial={{ opacity: 0, height: 0 }}
            animate={{ opacity: 1, height: 'auto' }}
            exit={{ opacity: 0, height: 0 }}
            className="text-red-600 text-sm"
            role="alert"
          >Invalid email</motion.span>
        )}
      </AnimatePresence>
    </div>
  );
}
```

### Pull-to-refresh (mobile)
```tsx
import { motion, useMotionValue, useTransform } from 'framer-motion';

function PullToRefresh({ onRefresh }: { onRefresh: () => Promise<void> }) {
  const y = useMotionValue(0);
  const opacity = useTransform(y, [0, 80], [0, 1]);
  const rotate = useTransform(y, [0, 80], [0, 360]);

  return (
    <motion.div
      drag="y"
      dragConstraints={{ top: 0, bottom: 100 }}
      dragElastic={0.3}
      onDragEnd={async (_, info) => {
        if (info.offset.y > 80) await onRefresh();
        y.set(0);
      }}
      style={{ y }}
    >
      <motion.div style={{ opacity, rotate }}>↻</motion.div>
      {/* content */}
    </motion.div>
  );
}
```

## 매 결정 기준
| Element | Duration | Easing |
|---|---|---|
| Toggle, hover | 100-200ms | ease-out |
| Modal enter | 200-300ms | cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) |
| Modal exit | 150-200ms | cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 1, 1) |
| Page transition | 300-500ms | ease-in-out |
| Loading shimmer | 1500ms loop | ease-in-out |

**기본값**: 매 200ms + ease-out + transform/opacity. 매 prefers-reduced-motion 매 항상 존중.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Interaction Design]]
- 변형: [[Animation]]
- 응용: [[Optimistic UI]]
- Adjacent: [[Framer Motion]] · [[Web Animations API]] · [[Accessibility (A11y)|Accessibility]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: UI feedback 설계, button/toggle/input 의 polish, error/loading/empty state 의 personality.
**언제 X**: 매 dense data table, 매 power-user tool — 매 animation 이 매 friction.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **너무 긴 duration**: 매 500ms+ → 매 sluggish.
- **No reduced-motion**: 매 vestibular disorder user 에게 매 hostile.
- **Decorative only**: 매 information 없는 매 animation → 매 cognitive load.
- **Inconsistent**: 매 같은 action 이 매 다른 feedback.
- **Layout-trigger animation**: 매 width/height/top → 매 jank.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Saffer "Microinteractions", Material Design motion guidelines, Apple HIG, Framer Motion docs, web.dev animations).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — Saffer 4-part + Framer Motion / a11y 패턴 |