Wiki cleanup: error-doc removal, dedup merge, link normalization
10_Wiki/Topics 대규모 정리: - 오류 캡처/미완성 stub 문서 227개 제거 - 교차폴더 중복 43클러스터 병합 (63파일 → redirect) - 링크명 정규화: 깨진 링크 수정·redirect 직결·개념 매핑 ~2,400건 - 카테고리 MOC 6개 신규 생성 - Graph 섹션 미해결 related-keyword 링크 10,058건 제거 Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Antigravity Agent
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id: wiki-2026-0508-knowledge-graph-foundations
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title: Knowledge Graph Foundations
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category: 10_Wiki/Topics
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status: verified
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canonical_id: self
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aliases: [KG Foundations, Semantic Web Foundations]
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duplicate_of: none
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status: duplicate
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canonical_id: wiki-2026-0508-knowledge-graph
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duplicate_of: "[[Knowledge Graph]]"
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aliases: []
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source_trust_level: A
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confidence_score: 0.9
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verification_status: applied
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tags: [knowledge-graph, foundations, rdf, ontology]
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raw_sources: []
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last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
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verification_status: redirected
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tags: [duplicate]
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last_reinforced: 2026-05-20
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github_commit: pending
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tech_stack:
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language: python
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framework: rdflib, owlready2
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---
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# Knowledge Graph Foundations
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## 매 한 줄
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> **"매 RDF + ontology + reasoning 의 stack"**. KG Foundations 는 W3C Semantic Web stack (RDF, RDFS, OWL, SPARQL) 의 formal foundation 과 graph data model theory 를 다룬다. 2026 modern KG 는 이 foundation 위에 LLM extraction 과 vector embeddings 을 hybrid 로 결합.
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## 매 핵심
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### 매 Data Model 계층
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- **RDF**: triple — (s, p, o), URIs 로 entity 식별
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- **RDFS**: schema layer — class, subClassOf, domain, range
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- **OWL**: full ontology — equivalence, disjointness, cardinality
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- **SHACL**: constraint validation
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### 매 Reasoning
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- forward chaining: rules → derived triples
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- backward chaining: query-driven inference
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- DL reasoning (Description Logic): subsumption, consistency
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### 매 응용
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1. DBpedia, Wikidata: 매 large-scale public KG.
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2. Schema.org: 매 web markup ontology.
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3. Bio2RDF: 매 life sciences integration.
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## 💻 패턴
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### RDF graph build
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```python
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from rdflib import Graph, Namespace, URIRef, Literal, RDF, RDFS
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EX = Namespace("http://example.org/")
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g = Graph()
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g.bind("ex", EX)
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g.add((EX.Claude, RDF.type, EX.LLM))
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g.add((EX.LLM, RDFS.subClassOf, EX.AISystem))
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g.add((EX.Claude, EX.creator, EX.Anthropic))
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g.serialize("kg.ttl", format="turtle")
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```
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### OWL ontology with owlready2
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```python
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from owlready2 import *
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onto = get_ontology("http://example.org/onto.owl")
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with onto:
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class AISystem(Thing): pass
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class LLM(AISystem): pass
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class Organization(Thing): pass
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class creator(ObjectProperty):
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domain = [AISystem]
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range = [Organization]
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claude = LLM("Claude")
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anthropic = Organization("Anthropic")
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claude.creator.append(anthropic)
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sync_reasoner() # HermiT reasoner
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```
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### SPARQL federated query
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```python
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from SPARQLWrapper import SPARQLWrapper, JSON
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s = SPARQLWrapper("https://query.wikidata.org/sparql")
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s.setQuery("""
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SELECT ?company ?ceo WHERE {
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?company wdt:P31 wd:Q4830453 . # company
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?company wdt:P169 ?ceo . # CEO
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} LIMIT 10
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""")
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s.setReturnFormat(JSON)
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print(s.query().convert())
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```
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### SHACL validation
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```python
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from pyshacl import validate
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conforms, _, report = validate(
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data_graph=g,
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shacl_graph="shapes.ttl",
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inference="rdfs",
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)
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```
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### Forward chaining inference
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```python
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def forward_chain(triples, rules):
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derived = set(triples)
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changed = True
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while changed:
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changed = False
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for rule in rules:
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new = rule.apply(derived)
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if new - derived:
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derived |= new
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changed = True
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return derived
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```
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## 매 결정 기준
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| 상황 | Stack |
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|---|---|
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| public LOD | RDF + SPARQL |
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| domain ontology, reasoning | OWL + HermiT/Pellet |
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| flexible schema | LPG (Neo4j) |
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| validation | SHACL |
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| LLM hybrid | RDF + embeddings |
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**기본값**: RDF + SPARQL + SHACL.
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> **이 문서는 [[Knowledge Graph]] 의 중복본입니다.** Canonical 문서로 redirect.
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## 🔗 Graph
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- 부모: [[Graph-Theory]] · [[Logic]]
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- 변형: [[RDF]] · [[OWL]] · [[Description-Logic]]
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- 응용: [[Knowledge Graph]] · [[Semantic-Web]] · [[Wikidata]]
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- Adjacent: [[Ontology]] · [[Reasoning-Systems]]
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- 부모: [[Knowledge Graph]] (canonical)
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## 🤖 LLM 활용
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**언제**: formal semantics, reasoning, standards-compliant interop 필요.
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**언제 X**: ad-hoc agent memory — 매 simple key-value 면 충분.
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## ❌ 안티패턴
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- **OWL overengineering**: full DL reasoner 가 필요없는데 OWL Full 사용 → undecidable.
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- **URI minting chaos**: 매 새 entity 마다 random URI → linkability 손실.
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- **Closed-world assumption**: RDF 는 OWA — "absent ≠ false".
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## 🧪 검증 / 중복
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- Verified (W3C RDF 1.1 spec, OWL 2 spec, Hitzler 2009 textbook).
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- 신뢰도 A.
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## 🕓 Changelog
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## 🕓 변경 이력
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| 날짜 | 변경 |
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|---|---|
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| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
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| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — RDF/OWL/SPARQL stack, reasoning, validation |
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| 2026-05-20 | 중복 병합 — canonical 문서로 redirect |
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