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10_Wiki/Topic_Programming/Topic_SQL/SQL_Parameters.md

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+---
+id: sql-parameters
+title: "SQL Parameters"
+category: "Database"
+status: "draft"
+verification_status: "conceptual"
+canonical_id: ""
+aliases: ["Parameterized Queries", "SQL 파라미터화 쿼리"]
+duplicate_of: ""
+source_trust_level: "B"
+confidence_score: 0.87
+created_at: 2026-07-04
+updated_at: 2026-07-04
+review_reason: ""
+merge_history: []
+tags: ["sql", "database", "w3schools", "security", "parameters"]
+raw_sources: ["https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_parameterized_queries.asp"]
+applied_in: []
+github_commit: ""
+---
+
+# [[SQL Parameters]]
+
+## 🎯 한 줄 통찰 (One-line insight)
+Parameterized queries fix SQL injection by sending user input as placeholder-bound values instead of concatenated text, so the database always treats the input literally, never as executable SQL. [S1]
+
+## 🧠 핵심 개념 (Core concepts)
+- **Parameterized query** — an SQL statement using placeholders instead of directly embedding input values in the query text; placeholders are replaced with actual values at execution time. [S1]
+- **Placeholder syntax varies by vendor** — MySQL uses `?`, SQL Server uses `@`, PostgreSQL uses `$`. [S1]
+- **Literal treatment guarantee** — the SQL engine checks each parameter against its column type and treats it literally, not as part of the executable SQL — this is what neutralizes injection. [S1]
+
+## 🧩 추출된 패턴 (Extracted patterns)
+- **Same fix for SELECT and INSERT** — the parameterization pattern applies identically whether reading (`SELECT ... WHERE UserId = @userid`) or writing (`INSERT INTO ... VALUES(@cname, @caddress, @ccity)`). [S1]
+- **Bind-then-execute in application code** — frameworks like ASP.NET separate building the query text (with placeholders) from binding actual values (`cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(...)`), directly countering the string-concatenation root cause from [[SQL Injection]]. [S1]
+
+## 📖 세부 내용 (Details)
+- SQL Server-style placeholder query: `query = "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = @userid"; db.Execute(query, userid);`. [S1]
+- Parameterized INSERT: `query = "INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, Address, City) Values(@cname, @caddress, @ccity)"; db.Execute(query, cname, caddress, ccity);`. [S1]
+- ASP.NET binding pattern: `cmd = new SqlCommand(query); cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@userid", userid); cmd.ExecuteReader();`. [S1]
+
+## ⚖️ 모순 및 업데이트 (Contradictions & updates)
+소스에서 모순되는 정보는 발견되지 않음.
+
+## 🛠️ 적용 사례 (Applied in summary)
+현재 발견된 실제 적용 사례가 없습니다 — 앞서 SQL Injection 챕터에서 보여준 문자열 연결(concatenation) 취약점을 직접 해소하는 대응책이다. [S1]
+
+## 💻 코드 패턴 (Code patterns)
+Parameterized SELECT (ASP.NET, SQL Server style):
+```
+userid = getRequestString("UserId");
+query = "SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE CustomerId = @userid";
+cmd = new SqlCommand(query);
+cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@userid", userid);
+cmd.ExecuteReader();
+```
+
+## ✅ 검증 상태 및 신뢰도
+- **상태:** draft
+- **검증 단계:** conceptual
+- **출처 신뢰도:** B (W3Schools — widely used educational reference, not a primary standards body)
+- **신뢰 점수:** 0.87
+- **중복 검사 결과:** 신규 생성 (New discovery)
+
+## 🔗 지식 그래프 (Knowledge Graph)
+- **상위/루트:** [[SQL Tutorial]]
+- **관련 개념:** [[SQL Injection]], [[SQL Prepared Statements]]
+- **참조 맥락:** SQL Injection의 직접적인 대응책 — Prepared Statements와 함께 사용자 입력을 다루는 표준 방어법.
+
+## 📚 출처 (Sources)
+- [S1] W3Schools — SQL Parameters — https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_parameterized_queries.asp
+
+## 📝 변경 이력 (Change history)
+- 2026-07-04: Initial draft synthesized from the W3Schools "SQL Parameters" page (Astra wiki-curation, P-Reinforce v3.1 format).