docs(10_Wiki): Dev 폴더 누락분 반영 — Topic_Programming으로 통합
이전 재구성 작업에서 Dev/ 폴더가 누락되었던 것을 반영. - Dev/Topic_Programming(중첩 폴더, 78개)은 Dev 자체 최상위 폴더들 (Architecture/Conventions/Engineering_Intelligence 등)과 완전 중복이라 제거. - Dev 최상위 엔지니어링 지식 폴더(Architecture/Conventions/Engineering_Intelligence/ Failure_Library/Generalized_Principles/Language/Pattern_Catalog/Platform_Guides/ Subsystems, 77개)는 이미 Topic_Programming/Topic_Programming에 더 최신 버전이 존재해 중복 제거(고유 콘텐츠 1개는 예외 처리하여 이동 보존). - Dev의 W3Schools 언어 튜토리얼 폴더(Topic_C/CPP/CSS/CSharp/HOWTO/HTML/Java/ JavaScript/PHP/Python/SQL/W3CSS, 1201개)는 전부 Topic_Programming 하위로 이동. - 에이전트 운영 상태(.astra/docs)는 그대로 유지, 콘텐츠 폴더만 정리. - Topic_Programming 최종 문서 수: 2784 → 3985.
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Antigravity Agent
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---
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id: css-text-alignment
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title: "CSS Text Alignment"
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category: "Frontend"
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status: "draft"
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verification_status: "conceptual"
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canonical_id: ""
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aliases: ["text-align", "text alignment", "text-align-last", "vertical-align", "text direction"]
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duplicate_of: ""
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source_trust_level: "B"
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confidence_score: 0.88
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created_at: 2026-06-23
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updated_at: 2026-06-23
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review_reason: ""
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merge_history: []
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tags: ["css", "web", "frontend", "w3schools", "text", "alignment"]
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raw_sources: ["https://www.w3schools.com/css/css_text_align.asp"]
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applied_in: []
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github_commit: ""
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---
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# [[CSS Text Alignment]]
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## 🎯 한 줄 통찰 (One-line insight)
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CSS controls horizontal text alignment with `text-align` and `text-align-last`, vertical positioning with `vertical-align`, and text directionality with `direction` and `unicode-bidi`. [S1]
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## 🧠 핵심 개념 (Core concepts)
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- **Five related properties** — `text-align`, `text-align-last`, `vertical-align`, `direction`, and `unicode-bidi`. [S1]
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- **`text-align` values** — `left` (aligns text to the left), `right` (aligns text to the right), `center` (centers the text), and `justify` (stretches the lines so that each line has equal width). [S1]
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- **`text-align-last`** — specifies alignment for the final line; values: `auto`, `left`, `right`, `center`, `justify`, `start`, and `end`. [S1]
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- **`vertical-align`** — values include `baseline`, length/%, `sub`, `super`, `top`, `text-top`, `middle`, `bottom`, and `text-bottom`. [S1]
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- **Text direction** — `direction` with `unicode-bidi` controls right-to-left text. [S1]
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## 🧩 추출된 패턴 (Extracted patterns)
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- **Heading alignment pattern** — assign different `text-align` values across `h1`/`h2`/`h3` for varied alignment. [S1]
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- **Justify-block pattern** — `text-align: justify;` stretches each line to equal width. [S1]
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- **Inline-image vertical alignment pattern** — apply `vertical-align` per image class to position images relative to text. [S1]
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- **RTL pattern** — combine `direction: rtl;` with `unicode-bidi: bidi-override;` for right-to-left text. [S1]
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## 📖 세부 내용 (Details)
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The page introduces five CSS properties for text alignment and direction: `text-align`, `text-align-last`, `vertical-align`, `direction`, and `unicode-bidi`. [S1]
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**Text Alignment** — the `text-align` property accepts: "left - Aligns the text to the left," "right - Aligns the text to the right," "center - Centers the text," and "justify - Stretches the lines so that each line has equal width." [S1]
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Example 1: [S1]
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```css
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h1 {
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text-align: center;
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}
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h2 {
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text-align: left;
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}
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h3 {
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text-align: right;
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}
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```
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Example 2: [S1]
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```css
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div {
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text-align: justify;
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}
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```
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**Text Align Last** — the `text-align-last` property specifies alignment for the final line, with values: `auto`, `left`, `right`, `center`, `justify`, `start`, and `end`. [S1]
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```css
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p.a {
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text-align-last: right;
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}
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p.b {
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text-align-last: center;
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}
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p.c {
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text-align-last: justify;
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}
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```
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**Vertical Alignment** — the `vertical-align` property includes values like `baseline`, length/%, `sub`, `super`, `top`, `text-top`, `middle`, `bottom`, and `text-bottom`. [S1]
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```css
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img.a {
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vertical-align: baseline;
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}
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img.b {
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vertical-align: text-top;
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}
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img.c {
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vertical-align: text-bottom;
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}
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img.d {
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vertical-align: sub;
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}
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img.e {
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vertical-align: super;
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}
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```
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**Text Direction** — [S1]
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```css
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p {
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direction: rtl;
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unicode-bidi: bidi-override;
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}
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```
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A summary table on the page lists all five properties with their descriptions. [S1]
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## 🛠️ 적용 사례 (Applied in summary)
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The page's own examples are the applied cases: per-heading horizontal alignment, justified blocks, last-line alignment on paragraphs, per-image vertical alignment, and an RTL paragraph. No external project/commit applications found in the source.
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## 💻 코드 패턴 (Code patterns)
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Horizontal alignment pattern (language: CSS):
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```css
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selector {
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text-align: left | right | center | justify;
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}
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```
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Concrete example:
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```css
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h1 {
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text-align: center;
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}
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```
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## ⚖️ 비교 및 선택 기준 (Comparison & decision criteria)
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- **`text-align` vs `text-align-last`** — `text-align` aligns all lines of a block, while `text-align-last` controls only the alignment of the final line. [S1]
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- **`text-align` vs `vertical-align`** — `text-align` controls horizontal alignment of text; `vertical-align` controls the vertical positioning of inline content (e.g., images) relative to the line. [S1]
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- **`justify` value choice** — choose `justify` when each line should stretch to equal width; choose `left`/`right`/`center` for simple alignment without stretching. [S1]
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## ⚖️ 모순 및 업데이트 (Contradictions & updates)
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No contradictions found in the source.
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## ✅ 검증 상태 및 신뢰도
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- **상태:** draft
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- **검증 단계:** conceptual (실제 적용 사례 발견 시 applied/validated로 승격 가능)
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- **출처 신뢰도:** B (W3Schools — widely used educational reference, not a primary standards body)
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- **신뢰 점수:** 0.88
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- **중복 검사 결과:** 신규 생성 (New discovery)
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## 🔗 지식 그래프 (Knowledge Graph)
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- **상위/루트:** [[CSS Tutorial]]
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- **관련 개념:** [[CSS Text Color]], [[CSS Text Decoration]], [[CSS Text Spacing]]
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- **참조 맥락:** Referenced when positioning text horizontally/vertically or supporting right-to-left languages.
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## 📚 출처 (Sources)
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- [S1] W3Schools — CSS Text Alignment — https://www.w3schools.com/css/css_text_align.asp
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## 📝 변경 이력 (Change history)
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- 2026-06-23: Initial draft synthesized from the W3Schools "CSS Text Alignment" page (Astra wiki-curation, P-Reinforce v3.1 format).
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