docs(10_Wiki): Dev 폴더 누락분 반영 — Topic_Programming으로 통합
이전 재구성 작업에서 Dev/ 폴더가 누락되었던 것을 반영. - Dev/Topic_Programming(중첩 폴더, 78개)은 Dev 자체 최상위 폴더들 (Architecture/Conventions/Engineering_Intelligence 등)과 완전 중복이라 제거. - Dev 최상위 엔지니어링 지식 폴더(Architecture/Conventions/Engineering_Intelligence/ Failure_Library/Generalized_Principles/Language/Pattern_Catalog/Platform_Guides/ Subsystems, 77개)는 이미 Topic_Programming/Topic_Programming에 더 최신 버전이 존재해 중복 제거(고유 콘텐츠 1개는 예외 처리하여 이동 보존). - Dev의 W3Schools 언어 튜토리얼 폴더(Topic_C/CPP/CSS/CSharp/HOWTO/HTML/Java/ JavaScript/PHP/Python/SQL/W3CSS, 1201개)는 전부 Topic_Programming 하위로 이동. - 에이전트 운영 상태(.astra/docs)는 그대로 유지, 콘텐츠 폴더만 정리. - Topic_Programming 최종 문서 수: 2784 → 3985.
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Antigravity Agent
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---
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id: css-math-functions
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title: "CSS Math Functions"
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category: "Frontend"
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status: "draft"
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verification_status: "conceptual"
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canonical_id: ""
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aliases: ["calc()", "min()", "max()", "clamp()", "CSS calc", "responsive sizing functions"]
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duplicate_of: ""
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source_trust_level: "B"
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confidence_score: 0.9
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created_at: 2026-06-23
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updated_at: 2026-06-23
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review_reason: ""
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merge_history: []
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tags: ["css", "web", "frontend", "w3schools", "math-functions", "calc", "responsive"]
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raw_sources: ["https://www.w3schools.com/css/css_math_functions.asp"]
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applied_in: []
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github_commit: ""
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---
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# [[CSS Math Functions]]
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## 🎯 한 줄 통찰 (One-line insight)
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CSS math functions — `calc()`, `max()`, `min()`, and `clamp()` — let property values be computed (and mixed across units) at render time, enabling responsive sizing without JavaScript. [S1]
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## 🧠 핵심 개념 (Core concepts)
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- **`calc()`** — performs a mathematical calculation that will be used as the property value, supporting mixed units. [S1]
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- **`max()`** — takes a comma-separated list of values and uses the largest value from the list as the property value. [S1]
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- **`min()`** — takes a comma-separated list of values and uses the smallest value from the list as the property value. [S1]
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- **`clamp()`** — sets a value that adjusts responsively between a minimum, a preferred, and a maximum value depending on the size of the viewport. [S1]
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## 🧩 추출된 패턴 (Extracted patterns)
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- **Mixed-unit arithmetic** — `calc()` combines incompatible units such as `%`, `px`, and `vh` in one expression (e.g. `calc(100% - 100px)`). [S1]
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- **Responsive clamp pattern** — `clamp(min, preferred, max)` with a viewport-relative preferred value (e.g. `clamp(1.5rem, 5vw, 3rem)`) produces fluid typography and widths bounded at both ends. [S1]
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## 📖 세부 내용 (Details)
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**`calc()` — perform a calculation.** The `calc()` function performs a mathematical calculation that will be used as the property value. It supports addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with mixed units. [S1]
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```css
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#div1 {
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margin: auto;
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width: calc(100% - 100px);
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height: calc(30vh + 50px);
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border: 1px solid black;
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padding: 10px;
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}
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```
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**`max()` — use the largest value.** The `max()` function takes a comma-separated list of values, and uses the largest value from the list as the property value. [S1]
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```css
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#div1 {
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height: 100px;
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width: max(50%, 300px);
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border: 1px solid black;
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padding: 10px;
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}
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```
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**`min()` — use the smallest value.** The `min()` function takes a comma-separated list of values, and uses the smallest value from the list as the property value. [S1]
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```css
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#div1 {
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height: 100px;
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width: min(50%, 300px);
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border: 1px solid black;
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padding: 10px;
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}
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```
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**`clamp()` — responsive bounded value.** The `clamp()` function is used to set a value that will adjust responsively between a minimum value, a preferred value, and a maximum value depending on the size of the viewport. [S1]
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```css
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h2 {
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font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 5vw, 3rem);
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}
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div {
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border: 1px solid green;
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padding: 10px;
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font-size: clamp(1rem, 2.5vw, 2rem);
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width: clamp(200px, 50%, 600px);
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}
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```
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## 🛠️ 적용 사례 (Applied in summary)
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The page's applied demonstrations style a `#div1` box (and a `clamp()`-based heading/div pair) to show each function computing a live property value — for example a width that is the viewport minus 100px, or a font-size that scales with `5vw` but never below `1.5rem` or above `3rem`. No external project/commit applications found in the source.
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## 💻 코드 패턴 (Code patterns)
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Mixed-unit calculation (language: CSS):
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```css
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width: calc(100% - 100px);
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height: calc(30vh + 50px);
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```
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Clamp for fluid, bounded sizing (language: CSS):
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```css
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font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 5vw, 3rem);
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width: clamp(200px, 50%, 600px);
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```
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## ⚖️ 비교 및 선택 기준 (Comparison & decision criteria)
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- **`calc()`** — when you need an exact arithmetic expression mixing units (e.g. fill the viewport minus a fixed sidebar). [S1]
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- **`max()`** — when you want a floor: never smaller than the largest of the listed values. [S1]
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- **`min()`** — when you want a ceiling: never larger than the smallest of the listed values. [S1]
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- **`clamp()`** — when you want both a floor and a ceiling around a fluid preferred value in one declaration. [S1]
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## ⚖️ 모순 및 업데이트 (Contradictions & updates)
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No contradictions found in the source. (Note: the source page spells "preferred" as "preffered" in its `clamp()` description; corrected here.) [S1]
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## ✅ 검증 상태 및 신뢰도
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- **상태:** draft
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- **검증 단계:** conceptual (실제 적용 사례 발견 시 applied/validated로 승격 가능)
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- **출처 신뢰도:** B (W3Schools — widely used educational reference, not a primary standards body)
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- **신뢰 점수:** 0.9
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- **중복 검사 결과:** 신규 생성 (New discovery)
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## 🔗 지식 그래프 (Knowledge Graph)
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- **상위/루트:** [[CSS Tutorial]]
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- **관련 개념:** [[CSS Units]], [[CSS Website Layout]], [[CSS Optimization]]
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- **참조 맥락:** Used whenever a property value must be computed or made responsive across viewport sizes without scripting.
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## 📚 출처 (Sources)
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- [S1] W3Schools — CSS Math Functions — https://www.w3schools.com/css/css_math_functions.asp
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## 📝 변경 이력 (Change history)
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- 2026-06-23: Initial draft synthesized from the W3Schools "CSS Math Functions" page (Astra wiki-curation, P-Reinforce v3.1 format).
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