docs(10_Wiki): Dev 폴더 누락분 반영 — Topic_Programming으로 통합
이전 재구성 작업에서 Dev/ 폴더가 누락되었던 것을 반영. - Dev/Topic_Programming(중첩 폴더, 78개)은 Dev 자체 최상위 폴더들 (Architecture/Conventions/Engineering_Intelligence 등)과 완전 중복이라 제거. - Dev 최상위 엔지니어링 지식 폴더(Architecture/Conventions/Engineering_Intelligence/ Failure_Library/Generalized_Principles/Language/Pattern_Catalog/Platform_Guides/ Subsystems, 77개)는 이미 Topic_Programming/Topic_Programming에 더 최신 버전이 존재해 중복 제거(고유 콘텐츠 1개는 예외 처리하여 이동 보존). - Dev의 W3Schools 언어 튜토리얼 폴더(Topic_C/CPP/CSS/CSharp/HOWTO/HTML/Java/ JavaScript/PHP/Python/SQL/W3CSS, 1201개)는 전부 Topic_Programming 하위로 이동. - 에이전트 운영 상태(.astra/docs)는 그대로 유지, 콘텐츠 폴더만 정리. - Topic_Programming 최종 문서 수: 2784 → 3985.
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Antigravity Agent
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---
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id: css-animation-properties
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title: "CSS Animation Properties"
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category: "Frontend"
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status: "draft"
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verification_status: "conceptual"
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canonical_id: ""
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aliases: ["animation-direction", "animation-fill-mode", "animation shorthand", "animation-play-state", "alternate", "forwards"]
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duplicate_of: ""
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source_trust_level: "B"
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confidence_score: 0.88
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created_at: 2026-06-23
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updated_at: 2026-06-23
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review_reason: ""
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merge_history: []
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tags: ["css", "web", "frontend", "w3schools", "animation", "shorthand", "fill-mode"]
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raw_sources: ["https://www.w3schools.com/css/css3_animations_properties.asp"]
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applied_in: []
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github_commit: ""
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---
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# [[CSS Animation Properties]]
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## 🎯 한 줄 통찰 (One-line insight)
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`animation-direction` controls forward/backward/alternating playback, `animation-fill-mode` controls the element's style when the animation is not playing, and the `animation` shorthand packs all the individual animation properties into one declaration. [S1]
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## 🧠 핵심 개념 (Core concepts)
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- **`animation-direction`** — specifies whether an animation should be played forwards, backwards, or in alternate cycles. [S1]
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- **`animation-fill-mode`** — specifies a style for the target element when the animation is not playing (before it starts, after it ends, or both). [S1]
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- **`animation` shorthand** — sets all the animation properties in a single declaration. [S1]
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## 🧩 추출된 패턴 (Extracted patterns)
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- **Playback direction** — choose `normal`, `reverse`, `alternate`, or `alternate-reverse` (alternation needs an iteration count > 1 to be visible). [S1]
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- **Persisting end/start state** — use `animation-fill-mode: forwards` to keep the last keyframe's style, `backwards` for the first keyframe during delay, or `both`. [S1]
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- **Shorthand ordering** — `animation: name duration timing-function delay iteration-count direction;`. [S1]
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## 📖 세부 내용 (Details)
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**The `animation-direction` Property**
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The `animation-direction` property specifies whether an animation should be played forwards, backwards or in alternate cycles. The `animation-direction` property can have the following values: [S1]
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- `normal` — the animation is played as normal (forwards). This is default. [S1]
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- `reverse` — the animation is played in reverse direction (backwards). [S1]
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- `alternate` — the animation is played forwards first, then backwards. [S1]
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- `alternate-reverse` — the animation is played backwards first, then forwards. [S1]
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The following example will run the animation in reverse direction (backwards): [S1]
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```css
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div {
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width: 100px;
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height: 100px;
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position: relative;
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background-color: red;
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animation-name: myAnimation;
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animation-duration: 4s;
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animation-direction: reverse;
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}
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```
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The following example uses the value "alternate" to make the animation run forwards first, then backwards: [S1]
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```css
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div {
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width: 100px;
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height: 100px;
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position: relative;
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background-color: red;
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animation-name: myAnimation;
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animation-duration: 4s;
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animation-iteration-count: 2;
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animation-direction: alternate;
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}
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```
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The following example uses the value "alternate-reverse" to make the animation run backwards first, then forwards: [S1]
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```css
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div {
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width: 100px;
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height: 100px;
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position: relative;
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background-color: red;
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animation-name: myAnimation;
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animation-duration: 4s;
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animation-iteration-count: 2;
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animation-direction: alternate-reverse;
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}
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```
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**The `animation-fill-mode` Property**
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The `animation-fill-mode` property specifies a style for the target element when the animation is not playing (before it starts, after it ends, or both). The `animation-fill-mode` property can have the following values: [S1]
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- `none` — default value. Animation will not apply any styles to the element before or after it is executing. [S1]
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- `forwards` — the element will retain the style values that are set by the last keyframe (depends on animation-direction and animation-iteration-count). [S1]
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- `backwards` — the element will get the style values that are set by the first keyframe (depends on animation-direction), and retain this during the animation-delay period. [S1]
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- `both` — the animation will follow the rules for both forwards and backwards, extending the animation properties in both directions. [S1]
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The following example lets the `<div>` element retain the style values from the last keyframe when the animation ends: [S1]
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```css
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div {
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width: 100px;
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height: 100px;
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background: red;
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position: relative;
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animation-name: myAnimation;
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animation-duration: 3s;
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animation-fill-mode: forwards;
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}
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```
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The following example lets the `<div>` element get the style values set by the first keyframe before the animation starts (during the animation-delay period): [S1]
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```css
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div {
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width: 100px;
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height: 100px;
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background: red;
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position: relative;
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animation-name: myAnimation;
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animation-duration: 3s;
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animation-delay: 2s;
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animation-fill-mode: backwards;
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}
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```
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The following example lets the `<div>` element get the style values set by the first keyframe before the animation starts, and retain the style values from the last keyframe when the animation ends: [S1]
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```css
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div {
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width: 100px;
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height: 100px;
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background: red;
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position: relative;
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animation-name: myAnimation;
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animation-duration: 3s;
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animation-delay: 2s;
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animation-fill-mode: both;
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}
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```
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**Animation Shorthand Property**
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The animation properties can be specified one by one, like this: [S1]
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```css
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div {
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animation-name: myAnimation;
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animation-duration: 5s;
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animation-timing-function: linear;
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animation-delay: 2s;
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animation-iteration-count: infinite;
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animation-direction: alternate;
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}
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```
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The same animation effect as above can be achieved by using the shorthand `animation` property: [S1]
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```css
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div {
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animation: myAnimation 5s linear 2s infinite alternate;
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}
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```
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**CSS Animation Properties**
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The following table lists the `@keyframes` rule and all the CSS animation properties: [S1]
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| Property | Description |
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|----------|-------------|
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| `@keyframes` | Specifies the animation code |
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| `animation` | A shorthand property for setting all the animation properties |
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| `animation-delay` | Specifies a delay for the start of an animation |
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| `animation-direction` | Specifies whether an animation should be played forwards, backwards or in alternate cycles |
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| `animation-duration` | Specifies how long time an animation should take to complete one cycle |
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| `animation-fill-mode` | Specifies a style for the element when the animation is not playing (before it starts, after it ends, or both) |
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| `animation-iteration-count` | Specifies the number of times an animation should be played |
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| `animation-name` | Specifies the name of the @keyframes animation |
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| `animation-play-state` | Specifies whether the animation is running or paused |
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| `animation-timing-function` | Specifies the speed curve of the animation |
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## 🛠️ 적용 사례 (Applied in summary)
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The page applies `reverse`, `alternate`, and `alternate-reverse` directions to a `<div>`, the `forwards`/`backwards`/`both` fill modes, and shows the same animation expressed both as individual properties and as the `animation` shorthand (`myAnimation 5s linear 2s infinite alternate`). No external project/commit applications found in the source.
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## 💻 코드 패턴 (Code patterns)
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Individual properties vs. shorthand (language: CSS):
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```css
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div {
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animation-name: myAnimation;
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animation-duration: 5s;
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animation-timing-function: linear;
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animation-delay: 2s;
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animation-iteration-count: infinite;
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animation-direction: alternate;
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}
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div {
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animation: myAnimation 5s linear 2s infinite alternate;
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}
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```
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Fill mode to retain end state:
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```css
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div {
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animation-fill-mode: forwards;
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}
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```
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## ⚖️ 비교 및 선택 기준 (Comparison & decision criteria)
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For `animation-direction`, pick `normal` for plain forward playback, `reverse` to run backwards, `alternate` to bounce forward-then-back, and `alternate-reverse` to bounce back-then-forward (the alternating options require an iteration count above 1). For `animation-fill-mode`, use `forwards` to keep the final keyframe's appearance after the animation ends, `backwards` to apply the first keyframe during the delay, `both` for both effects, and `none` (default) to apply no styles outside the active run. The `animation` shorthand is preferred for conciseness when several properties are set together. [S1]
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## ⚖️ 모순 및 업데이트 (Contradictions & updates)
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No contradictions found in the source.
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## ✅ 검증 상태 및 신뢰도
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- **상태:** draft
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- **검증 단계:** conceptual (실제 적용 사례 발견 시 applied/validated로 승격 가능)
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- **출처 신뢰도:** B (W3Schools — widely used educational reference, not a primary standards body)
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- **신뢰 점수:** 0.88
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- **중복 검사 결과:** 신규 생성 (New discovery)
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## 🔗 지식 그래프 (Knowledge Graph)
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- **상위/루트:** [[CSS Tutorial]]
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- **관련 개념:** [[CSS Animations]], [[CSS Animation Timing]], [[CSS Transition Timing]]
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- **참조 맥락:** Completes the animation feature set with direction, fill-mode, and the shorthand that consolidates all animation properties.
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## 📚 출처 (Sources)
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- [S1] W3Schools — CSS Animation Properties — https://www.w3schools.com/css/css3_animations_properties.asp
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## 📝 변경 이력 (Change history)
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- 2026-06-23: Initial draft synthesized from the W3Schools "CSS Animation Properties" page (Astra wiki-curation, P-Reinforce v3.1 format).
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