refactor(topics): 멀티 에이전트용 지식 재편 — _Common(공통 기본기) + Domain_* 구조

에이전트 8종(대화형/프로그래머 C·S/디자이너/설계자/기획자/QA/PD/PM)에게
[공통 기본 능력 + 롤별 Specialty] 2층으로 지식을 주입하기 위한 재분류.
문서 내용·포맷은 무수정, 폴더 이동만 (6,372개 문서 수 보존 확인).

- Topic_Programming → Domain_Programming (내부 구조 보존)
- Topic_Graphic → Domain_Design
- Topic_Business → Domain_Product
- Topic_General → Domain_General
- _Common 신설: Math(구 Topic_Math_Specialty), Reasoning(구 General/From_Thinking & Reasoning),
  Reasoning_Creativity(구 General/From_창의성), Communication(Poetic_Blog_Writing + From_writing)
- 타 도메인의 From_* 폴더는 유지 (출처 표기일 뿐, 이미 도메인에 맞게 분류된 문서)
- 빈 폴더 정리 (memory/procedures)
- 에이전트→폴더 매핑은 workspace의 .astra/agent-knowledge-map.json (9개 에이전트)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Antigravity Agent
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---
id: wiki-2026-0508-pbr
title: PBR (Physically Based Rendering)
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Physically Based Rendering, PBR shading, metallic-roughness]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.95
verification_status: applied
tags: [graphics, shading, rendering, materials]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
language: hlsl
framework: unreal-engine
---
# PBR (Physically Based Rendering)
## 매 한 줄
> **"매 빛-표면 상호작용을 물리법칙(에너지 보존, microfacet, Fresnel)에 따라 모델링"**. 매 2014 Disney/Burley BRDF + Unreal/Frostbite 의 industry standardization → 매 2026 의 모든 real-time 엔진의 default. 매 metallic-roughness workflow 의 universal.
## 매 핵심
### 매 핵심 원칙
1. **에너지 보존**: 매 reflected + transmitted ≤ incoming.
2. **Fresnel**: 매 grazing angle에서 reflectance ↑.
3. **Microfacet**: 매 표면을 미세 mirror 의 분포로 모델 (NDF + G + F).
4. **Linear-space lighting**: 매 sRGB → linear → tonemap.
### 매 BRDF 구조 (Cook-Torrance)
```
f = kd * Lambert + ks * (D * G * F) / (4 * NoL * NoV)
```
- **D**: Normal Distribution Function — Trowbridge-Reitz GGX (default).
- **G**: Geometry / Shadowing — Smith / Schlick-GGX.
- **F**: Fresnel — Schlick approx.
- **kd**: diffuse weight = (1 - F) * (1 - metallic).
### 매 workflow
- **Metallic-Roughness** (Unreal, glTF, Substance default): albedo + metallic + roughness + normal + ao.
- **Specular-Glossiness** (legacy): 매 deprecated.
- **Clearcoat / Sheen / Anisotropy / Subsurface** = 매 extensions (glTF KHR\_\*).
### 매 IBL (Image-Based Lighting)
- 매 environment HDR → 매 prefiltered specular cubemap (split-sum approximation) + 매 diffuse irradiance.
- 매 BRDF LUT (NoV × roughness) precompute.
## 💻 패턴
### Core PBR PS (HLSL, UE-style)
```hlsl
float3 F_Schlick(float3 F0, float VoH) {
return F0 + (1 - F0) * pow(1 - VoH, 5);
}
float D_GGX(float NoH, float a) {
float a2 = a * a;
float d = NoH * NoH * (a2 - 1) + 1;
return a2 / (PI * d * d);
}
float V_SmithGGX(float NoV, float NoL, float a) {
float a2 = a * a;
float gv = NoL * sqrt(NoV * NoV * (1 - a2) + a2);
float gl = NoV * sqrt(NoL * NoL * (1 - a2) + a2);
return 0.5 / (gv + gl + 1e-5);
}
float3 PBR(float3 albedo, float metallic, float roughness,
float3 N, float3 V, float3 L, float3 lightColor) {
float3 H = normalize(V + L);
float NoL = saturate(dot(N, L));
float NoV = saturate(dot(N, V));
float NoH = saturate(dot(N, H));
float VoH = saturate(dot(V, H));
float a = roughness * roughness;
float3 F0 = lerp(0.04, albedo, metallic);
float D = D_GGX(NoH, a);
float V_ = V_SmithGGX(NoV, NoL, a);
float3 F = F_Schlick(F0, VoH);
float3 spec = D * V_ * F;
float3 kd = (1 - F) * (1 - metallic);
float3 diff = kd * albedo / PI;
return (diff + spec) * lightColor * NoL;
}
```
### IBL (split-sum)
```hlsl
float3 IBL(float3 N, float3 V, float roughness, float3 albedo, float metallic,
TextureCube prefiltered, Texture2D brdfLUT, TextureCube irradiance) {
float NoV = saturate(dot(N, V));
float3 R = reflect(-V, N);
float3 F0 = lerp(0.04, albedo, metallic);
float3 F = F_Schlick(F0, NoV);
float mip = roughness * 6.0; // 매 mip count - 1
float3 specIBL = prefiltered.SampleLevel(s, R, mip).rgb;
float2 brdf = brdfLUT.Sample(s, float2(NoV, roughness)).rg;
float3 spec = specIBL * (F * brdf.x + brdf.y);
float3 kd = (1 - F) * (1 - metallic);
float3 diff = kd * albedo * irradiance.Sample(s, N).rgb;
return diff + spec;
}
```
### glTF PBR material loader (Three.js / WebGPU)
```ts
const mat = new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({
map: albedo, // sRGB
metalnessMap: metalRough, normalMap: normal,
roughnessMap: metalRough, // packed: G=rough, B=metal (glTF spec)
aoMap: ao,
clearcoat: 0.5, clearcoatRoughness: 0.1, // KHR_materials_clearcoat
sheen: 0.3, sheenColor: new THREE.Color(0xff8888), // KHR_materials_sheen
});
```
### Disney "Principled" BSDF param mapping
```python
# Blender Principled BSDF — 매 artist-friendly
mat.inputs["Base Color"] = albedo
mat.inputs["Metallic"] = metallic # 0 dielectric, 1 metal
mat.inputs["Roughness"] = roughness # 0 mirror, 1 chalk
mat.inputs["IOR"] = 1.5 # dielectric F0 = ((ior-1)/(ior+1))^2
mat.inputs["Specular IOR Level"] = 0.5 # 매 dielectric strength
mat.inputs["Coat Weight"] = 0.0
mat.inputs["Sheen Weight"] = 0.0
mat.inputs["Subsurface Weight"] = 0.0
```
### Texture authoring rules
```
albedo: sRGB, no lighting baked, dielectric ≥ 30 sRGB, metal ≥ 200 sRGB
metallic: linear, binary 가까이 (0 or 1) — 매 dielectric/metal 의 mix X
roughness: linear, 0.04 floor (perfect mirror 회피)
normal: linear, OpenGL or DirectX convention 통일
ao: linear, multiplied with diffuse only
```
## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| Real-time game | Metallic-Roughness GGX + IBL |
| Skin / wax | + Subsurface scattering |
| Car paint / lacquer | + Clearcoat |
| Cloth / velvet | + Sheen |
| Brushed metal / hair | + Anisotropy |
| Path-traced offline | Disney Principled (super-set) |
**기본값**: 매 GGX + Smith + Schlick + metallic-roughness + IBL split-sum.
## 🔗 Graph
## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 매 photoreal real-time/offline rendering. 매 cross-engine asset (glTF). 매 artist 의 physical intuition.
**언제 X**: 매 stylized non-photoreal (NPR/toon) — 매 PBR 위에 override 또는 별도 model.
## ❌ 안티패턴
- **gamma 안 맞춤**: 매 albedo 의 linear 처리 → 매 wash-out / overbright.
- **Metallic 0.5**: 매 binary 가까이가 정답. 0.5 = 매 무의미 (전이 영역 없음).
- **Roughness 0.0**: 매 NaN / fireflies. floor 0.04 + clamp.
- **AO multiplied with specular**: 매 specular AO 별도 계산 필요.
- **F0=0.04 for everything**: 매 metal은 albedo 색이 F0.
## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Disney 2012 Burley paper, UE5 docs, Filament PBR pipeline doc, glTF 2.0 spec, Real-Time Rendering 4th ed).
- 신뢰도 A.
## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — Cook-Torrance + IBL + glTF workflow |