refactor(topics): 멀티 에이전트용 지식 재편 — _Common(공통 기본기) + Domain_* 구조

에이전트 8종(대화형/프로그래머 C·S/디자이너/설계자/기획자/QA/PD/PM)에게
[공통 기본 능력 + 롤별 Specialty] 2층으로 지식을 주입하기 위한 재분류.
문서 내용·포맷은 무수정, 폴더 이동만 (6,372개 문서 수 보존 확인).

- Topic_Programming → Domain_Programming (내부 구조 보존)
- Topic_Graphic → Domain_Design
- Topic_Business → Domain_Product
- Topic_General → Domain_General
- _Common 신설: Math(구 Topic_Math_Specialty), Reasoning(구 General/From_Thinking & Reasoning),
  Reasoning_Creativity(구 General/From_창의성), Communication(Poetic_Blog_Writing + From_writing)
- 타 도메인의 From_* 폴더는 유지 (출처 표기일 뿐, 이미 도메인에 맞게 분류된 문서)
- 빈 폴더 정리 (memory/procedures)
- 에이전트→폴더 매핑은 workspace의 .astra/agent-knowledge-map.json (9개 에이전트)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
Antigravity Agent
2026-07-11 11:05:56 +09:00
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---
id: wiki-2026-0508-binary-search
title: Binary Search
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [이진 탐색, bisect, divide and conquer search, lower bound, upper bound, git bisect]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.97
verification_status: applied
tags: [algorithm, search, divide-conquer, log-n, bisection, git-bisect, parametric-search]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
language: any
framework: standard library
---
# Binary Search
## 📌 한 줄 통찰
> **"매 절반씩 의 탐색"**. 매 sorted array 의 매 O(log N). 매 100만 = 매 20 step. 매 algorithm 의 elegance 의 가장. 매 git bisect / parametric search / boundary find 의 same 원리.
## 📖 핵심
### 매 algorithm
1. 매 mid = (lo + hi) / 2.
2. 매 target == mid → return.
3. 매 target < mid → hi = mid - 1.
4. 매 target > mid → lo = mid + 1.
5. 매 lo > hi → not found.
### 매 complexity
- **Time**: O(log N). 매 100만 = 20 comparison.
- **Space**: O(1) iterative / O(log N) recursive.
- **Precondition**: 매 sorted (or monotonic predicate).
### 매 variant
#### Lower bound (first ≥ target)
- 매 첫 매 element ≥ target.
#### Upper bound (first > target)
- 매 첫 매 element > target.
#### Range [first, last]
- 매 lower / upper 의 결합.
#### Bisection on continuous
- 매 root finding (math).
- 매 epsilon-based termination.
#### Parametric search
- 매 monotonic predicate 의 boundary.
- 매 "최대 X 의 Y 의 OK" 의 search.
#### Galloping (exponential + binary)
- 매 unbounded 의 매 growing range 의 binary.
### 매 trap
- **Overflow**: `(lo + hi) / 2` 의 int overflow → `lo + (hi - lo) / 2`.
- **Off-by-one**: lo / hi / mid 의 boundary.
- **Infinite loop**: 매 mid 의 적절한 update.
- **Sorted assumption**: 매 unsorted 의 fail.
- **Float precision**: 매 epsilon 의 fix.
### 매 응용
1. **`bisect` module** (Python).
2. **`std::lower_bound`** (C++).
3. **DB index** (B-tree): 매 internal node search.
4. **`git bisect`**: 매 commit 의 first bad.
5. **Parametric** (LeetCode): "min capacity for delivery in D days".
6. **Hyperparameter tune**: 매 LR sweep.
7. **Quantile estimate**: 매 streaming.
### 매 modern variant
- **Branchless binary search**: 매 conditional move.
- **Eytzinger layout**: 매 cache-friendly.
- **Interpolation search**: 매 uniform 의 O(log log N).
- **Fractional cascading**: 매 multi-list.
## 💻 패턴
### Classic (iterative)
```python
def binary_search(arr, target):
lo, hi = 0, len(arr) - 1
while lo <= hi:
mid = lo + (hi - lo) // 2
if arr[mid] == target: return mid
if arr[mid] < target: lo = mid + 1
else: hi = mid - 1
return -1
```
### Lower bound (first ≥)
```python
def lower_bound(arr, target):
lo, hi = 0, len(arr)
while lo < hi:
mid = lo + (hi - lo) // 2
if arr[mid] < target: lo = mid + 1
else: hi = mid
return lo # 매 insertion point
```
### Python `bisect`
```python
import bisect
arr = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
bisect.bisect_left(arr, 5) # 2
bisect.bisect_right(arr, 5) # 3
bisect.insort(arr, 6) # 매 maintain sorted
```
### Parametric search ("min eat speed")
```python
def min_eating_speed(piles, h):
def can_eat(k):
return sum((p + k - 1) // k for p in piles) <= h
lo, hi = 1, max(piles)
while lo < hi:
mid = lo + (hi - lo) // 2
if can_eat(mid): hi = mid
else: lo = mid + 1
return lo
```
→ 매 monotonic predicate 의 boundary.
### Bisection on float (root)
```python
def find_root(f, lo, hi, eps=1e-9):
while hi - lo > eps:
mid = (lo + hi) / 2
if f(mid) * f(lo) < 0: hi = mid
else: lo = mid
return (lo + hi) / 2
# sqrt(2) 의 root of x² - 2 = 0
result = find_root(lambda x: x*x - 2, 0, 2)
# 1.414213562373...
```
### `git bisect` (CLI)
```bash
git bisect start
git bisect bad HEAD
git bisect good v1.0
# 매 매 step 의 매 commit 의 test
git bisect good # or 'bad'
# 매 log N step → 매 first bad commit
git bisect reset
```
→ 매 1000 commit 의 매 10 step 의 culprit 의 find.
### Galloping (exponential + binary)
```python
def galloping_search(arr, target):
if arr[0] == target: return 0
bound = 1
while bound < len(arr) and arr[bound] < target:
bound *= 2
lo = bound // 2
hi = min(bound, len(arr) - 1)
return binary_search_range(arr, target, lo, hi)
```
→ 매 unbounded / online stream 의 OK.
### Eytzinger layout (cache-friendly)
```python
def eytzinger_search(arr, target):
"""매 BFS layout — 매 cache miss 매 minimize."""
n = len(arr)
k = 1
while k <= n:
if arr[k-1] < target: k = 2*k + 1
elif arr[k-1] > target: k = 2*k
else: return k - 1
return -1
```
## 🤔 결정 기준
| 상황 | 사용 |
|---|---|
| Sorted array search | binary search |
| Sorted insert | bisect.insort |
| Predicate boundary | parametric search |
| Float root | bisection method |
| Commit debugging | git bisect |
| Streaming quantile | binary search + treap |
| Cache-critical | Eytzinger layout |
**기본값**: Python `bisect` / C++ `lower_bound` 사용. 매 직접 구현 X.
## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Search]]
- 변형: [[Lower-Bound]] · [[Upper-Bound]]
- 응용: [[Git-Bisect]] · [[B-Tree]] · [[Sorting]]
## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 매 sorted data search. 매 monotonic boundary. 매 root finding. 매 commit debugging.
**언제 X**: 매 unsorted (sort 의 cost X). 매 small N (linear OK). 매 non-monotonic.
## ❌ 안티패턴
- **`(lo + hi) / 2` overflow**: 매 large array 의 fail.
- **Sorted assumption 위반**: 매 wrong result.
- **`while lo < hi` vs `<=` 의 confusion**: 매 off-by-one.
- **Float epsilon 무시**: 매 무한 loop.
- **Library 무시 + 직접 구현**: 매 bug.
- **Linear search 의 substitute (small N)**: 매 over-engineering.
## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (CLRS, Knuth TAOCP, classic).
- 신뢰도 A.
- Related: [[Sorting]] · [[Divide-and-Conquer]] · [[Git-Bisect]] · [[B-Tree]].
## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — variant + parametric + 매 git bisect + 매 Eytzinger + code |