docs(10_Wiki): Topic_Business/General/Graphic/Programming을 Topics/ 하위로 이동
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Antigravity Agent
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---
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id: wiki-2026-0508-webassembly
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title: WebAssembly
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category: 10_Wiki/Topics
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status: verified
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canonical_id: self
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aliases: [WASM, Wasm, WebAssembly]
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duplicate_of: none
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source_trust_level: A
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confidence_score: 0.9
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verification_status: applied
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tags: [webassembly, wasm, performance, compile-target]
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raw_sources: []
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last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
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github_commit: pending
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tech_stack:
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language: WASM/Rust/C++
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framework: Web Platform / Wasmtime / WASI
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---
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# WebAssembly
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## 매 한 줄
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> **"매 portable binary — near-native speed 의 web"**. WASM 매 stack-based VM 의 bytecode — 모든 browser + Node + Wasmtime 의 실행. 2026 modern state 매 Component Model + WASI Preview 2 + GC + threads + SIMD — 매 server / edge / plugin 의 polyglot runtime.
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## 매 핵심
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### 매 binary format
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- **Module**: types / functions / memory / tables / imports / exports.
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- **Linear memory**: single contiguous ArrayBuffer — `i32`/`i64`/`f32`/`f64` + `v128` (SIMD).
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- **Stack machine**: structured control flow — `block`/`loop`/`if` + `br`/`br_if`.
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- **Validation**: load-time type-check — 매 sandboxed by design.
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### 매 toolchain (2026)
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- **Rust**: `wasm-bindgen` + `wasm-pack` — 매 web ecosystem 의 dominant.
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- **C/C++**: Emscripten / `clang --target=wasm32-wasi`.
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- **AssemblyScript**: TypeScript-like → WASM.
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- **Go**: TinyGo (small binary) / stdlib (large).
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- **Zig / .NET / Kotlin / Swift**: 매 first-class targets.
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### 매 응용
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1. **CPU-heavy web**: video codec / image processing / crypto / physics.
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2. **Edge compute**: Cloudflare Workers / Fastly Compute@Edge — 매 cold-start <1ms.
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3. **Plugin systems**: Figma / Shopify Functions / Envoy filters — 매 sandbox.
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4. **Server runtime**: Wasmtime / Wasmer — 매 polyglot microservices.
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## 💻 패턴
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### Rust → WASM 매 wasm-bindgen
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```rust
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// lib.rs
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use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
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#[wasm_bindgen]
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pub fn fib(n: u32) -> u64 {
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let (mut a, mut b) = (0u64, 1u64);
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for _ in 0..n { let c = a + b; a = b; b = c; }
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a
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}
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#[wasm_bindgen]
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pub struct Engine { state: Vec<f32> }
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#[wasm_bindgen]
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impl Engine {
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#[wasm_bindgen(constructor)]
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pub fn new() -> Self { Self { state: vec![0.0; 1024] } }
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pub fn step(&mut self, dt: f32) { for x in &mut self.state { *x += dt; } }
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}
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```
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```bash
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wasm-pack build --target web
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```
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```js
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// JS side
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import init, { fib, Engine } from './pkg/mylib.js';
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await init();
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console.log(fib(50));
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const e = new Engine();
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e.step(0.016);
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```
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### Streaming instantiate
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```js
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const { instance } = await WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(
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fetch('/module.wasm'),
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{ env: { log: (x) => console.log(x) } }
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);
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instance.exports.run();
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```
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### Linear memory 매 zero-copy
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```js
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const memory = new WebAssembly.Memory({ initial: 256, maximum: 1024 }); // 16MB → 64MB
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const { instance } = await WebAssembly.instantiate(bytes, { env: { memory } });
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const view = new Uint8Array(memory.buffer, instance.exports.bufPtr(), 1024);
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view.set(imageData); // 매 JS → WASM zero-copy
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instance.exports.process();
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```
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### SIMD 매 v128
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```rust
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use std::arch::wasm32::*;
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#[target_feature(enable = "simd128")]
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pub unsafe fn add_v(a: &[f32], b: &[f32], out: &mut [f32]) {
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for i in (0..a.len()).step_by(4) {
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let va = v128_load(a.as_ptr().add(i) as *const v128);
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let vb = v128_load(b.as_ptr().add(i) as *const v128);
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v128_store(out.as_mut_ptr().add(i) as *mut v128, f32x4_add(va, vb));
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}
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}
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```
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### Threads 매 SharedArrayBuffer
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```bash
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# Build with rayon support
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RUSTFLAGS='-C target-feature=+atomics,+bulk-memory' \
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wasm-pack build --target web -- --features parallel
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```
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```js
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// 매 COOP+COEP header 필수
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// HTTP: Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin
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// Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy: require-corp
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import init, { initThreadPool, parallel_sum } from './pkg/mylib.js';
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await init();
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await initThreadPool(navigator.hardwareConcurrency);
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parallel_sum(bigArray);
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```
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### Component Model + WASI
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```bash
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# 매 portable component — host 매 Wasmtime / browser
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cargo component build --release
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wasmtime serve mycomponent.wasm
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```
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```wit
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// world.wit — 매 interface contract
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package my:demo;
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world api {
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export greet: func(name: string) -> string;
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import logger: interface { log: func(msg: string); }
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}
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```
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### Edge: Cloudflare Workers
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```js
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// wrangler.toml: [build] command = "wasm-pack build --target web"
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import wasm from './pkg/mylib_bg.wasm';
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import { greet } from './pkg/mylib.js';
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export default {
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async fetch(req) {
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await initWasm(wasm);
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return new Response(greet('edge'));
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}
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};
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```
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## 매 결정 기준
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| 상황 | WASM vs JS |
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|---|---|
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| Tight numeric loop | WASM 2-5x faster |
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| DOM manipulation | JS — WASM 매 boundary cost |
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| Large library port (FFmpeg, OpenCV) | WASM |
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| <1KB hot path | JS — load + boundary overhead |
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| Plugin sandbox | WASM 매 isolation |
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| Edge cold-start | WASM — <1ms vs JS 5-50ms |
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**기본값**: hot CPU path 의 Rust+wasm-bindgen / 일반 web logic 의 JS.
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## 🔗 Graph
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- 응용: [[Cloudflare Workers]]
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- Adjacent: [[Web Worker (웹 워커)]]
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## 🤖 LLM 활용
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**언제**: CPU-bound hot path / portable plugin sandbox / edge runtime / large native library port.
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**언제 X**: simple business logic — JS 매 충분 / DOM-heavy work / small one-off scripts.
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## ❌ 안티패턴
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- **JS↔WASM crossing in loop**: boundary cost ~50-200ns — batch across boundary.
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- **No streaming compile**: `instantiate(bytes)` 의 main-thread block — `instantiateStreaming` 사용.
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- **Memory growth thrash**: pre-size `WebAssembly.Memory.maximum`.
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- **String marshalling**: UTF-8 copy 매 expensive — pass pointer+len, decode batch.
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## 🧪 검증 / 중복
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- Verified (WebAssembly Specification 2.0 / WASI Preview 2 / W3C WebAssembly WG).
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- 신뢰도 A.
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## 🕓 Changelog
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| 날짜 | 변경 |
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| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
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| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — toolchain, SIMD, threads, Component Model, edge patterns |
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