docs(10_Wiki): Topic_Business/General/Graphic/Programming을 Topics/ 하위로 이동

최상위 10_Wiki/Topic_*였던 4개 카테고리 폴더를 10_Wiki/Topics/Topic_* 로 재배치. 콘텐츠 변경 없음(순수 폴더 이동) — Topics/ 하위 나머지 폴더는 이미 지난 커밋에서 전부 정리된 상태(잔존 항목은 에이전트 운영 상태 및 사용자가 보존을 요청한 업데이트0615/무제 3.canvas 뿐).
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+---
+id: wiki-2026-0508-dart
+title: Dart
+category: 10_Wiki/Topics
+status: verified
+canonical_id: self
+aliases: [Dart language, dart-lang]
+duplicate_of: none
+source_trust_level: A
+confidence_score: 0.9
+verification_status: applied
+tags: [dart, flutter, language, aot, jit]
+raw_sources: []
+last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
+github_commit: pending
+tech_stack:
+  language: dart
+  framework: flutter
+---
+
+# Dart
+
+## 매 한 줄
+> **"매 client-optimized language — JIT(dev) + AOT(prod) dual compile, sound null safety, isolate concurrency"**. 매 Google 의 Flutter 전용으로 설계 (2011→2018 pivot). 매 Dart 3.3+ (2024-2026) 의 records, patterns, sealed class 의 modern type system 도입.
+
+## 매 핵심
+
+### 매 dual compilation
+- **JIT (development)**: 매 hot reload < 1s — Flutter dev 의 핵심.
+- **AOT (production)**: 매 native machine code — startup 빠름, deterministic perf.
+- **dart2js / dart2wasm**: 매 web target — Flutter Web 의 binary.
+
+### 매 sound null safety (since 2.12)
+- 매 `String?` (nullable) vs `String` (non-null) 의 compile-time 보장.
+- 매 `late` keyword — 매 deferred init.
+- 매 `!` (bang) — 매 명시적 unwrap.
+
+### 매 Dart 3 의 modern features
+- **Records**: `(int, String)` lightweight tuple.
+- **Patterns**: destructuring + switch expression.
+- **Sealed classes**: 매 exhaustive matching.
+- **Class modifiers**: `final`, `interface`, `base`, `sealed`.
+
+### 매 isolate concurrency
+- 매 single-threaded event loop per isolate.
+- 매 message-passing (no shared memory).
+- 매 `Isolate.run()` (Dart 2.19+) 의 simple offload.
+
+## 💻 패턴
+
+### Null safety + late
+```dart
+class User {
+  final String name;
+  final String? nickname; // nullable
+  late final int age;     // deferred init
+
+  User(this.name, {this.nickname});
+
+  void setAge(int a) => age = a;
+}
+
+final u = User('Yuna');
+print(u.nickname?.toUpperCase() ?? 'NO NICK');
+```
+
+### Records (Dart 3)
+```dart
+(double, double) toPolar(double x, double y) =>
+  (sqrt(x * x + y * y), atan2(y, x));
+
+final (r, theta) = toPolar(3, 4);
+print('r=$r, θ=$theta');
+
+// Named record
+({String name, int age}) profile = (name: 'Yuna', age: 28);
+print(profile.name);
+```
+
+### Patterns + switch expression
+```dart
+sealed class Shape {}
+class Circle extends Shape { final double r; Circle(this.r); }
+class Square extends Shape { final double s; Square(this.s); }
+
+double area(Shape sh) => switch (sh) {
+  Circle(:final r) => 3.14159 * r * r,
+  Square(:final s) => s * s,
+};
+```
+
+### Async/await + Future
+```dart
+Future<User> fetchUser(int id) async {
+  final res = await http.get(Uri.parse('https://api/u/$id'));
+  if (res.statusCode != 200) throw Exception('fail');
+  return User.fromJson(jsonDecode(res.body));
+}
+
+// Stream — 매 multiple async value
+Stream<int> count(int n) async* {
+  for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    await Future.delayed(const Duration(seconds: 1));
+    yield i;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Isolate (compute)
+```dart
+import 'dart:isolate';
+
+Future<int> heavyCompute(List<int> data) =>
+  Isolate.run(() => data.fold(0, (a, b) => a + b * b));
+
+// 매 main isolate 의 block 없이 background work
+final sum = await heavyCompute(List.generate(1_000_000, (i) => i));
+```
+
+### Extension methods
+```dart
+extension StringX on String {
+  String get capitalized => isEmpty ? this : '${this[0].toUpperCase()}${substring(1)}';
+}
+
+print('hello'.capitalized); // "Hello"
+```
+
+### Mixin
+```dart
+mixin Loggable {
+  void log(String msg) => print('[${runtimeType}] $msg');
+}
+
+class Service with Loggable {
+  void doWork() => log('working...');
+}
+```
+
+## 매 결정 기준
+
+| 상황 | Approach |
+|---|---|
+| 매 Flutter mobile/desktop app | Dart (의무) |
+| 매 CLI tool (cross-platform) | Dart AOT compile |
+| 매 backend (Aqueduct/Shelf) | 매 가능 — 매 ecosystem 작음 |
+| 매 web (no Flutter) | 매 비추천 — TS/JS 우세 |
+
+**기본값**: 매 Flutter context 에서만 Dart 의 사용 — 매 standalone 은 Go/Rust/TS 의 권장.
+
+## 🔗 Graph
+- 부모: [[Flutter]]
+- 변형: [[Flutter_AOT_Compilation_Dart]] · [[Dart_FFI_Foreign_Function_Interface]]
+- 응용: [[Flutter_Web_-_Desktop]] · [[Flutter_Impeller]]
+- Adjacent: [[TypeScript_Type_Safety]] · [[Cross-platform_Mobile_Development_Frameworks]]
+
+## 🤖 LLM 활용
+**언제**: 매 Flutter widget tree 작성, 매 isolate 기반 background work, 매 records/patterns 활용 의 modern Dart.
+**언제 X**: 매 Flutter 외부 — 매 다른 ecosystem 에서 Dart 의 사용 의 의미 X.
+
+## ❌ 안티패턴
+- **매 dynamic 의 남용**: 매 type system 의 우회 — 매 sound null safety 의 무력화.
+- **매 sync await chain**: 매 Future.wait 의 미사용 — 매 serialized 대기.
+- **매 isolate 와 closure**: 매 capture-by-reference 의 함정 (sendable 만 가능).
+- **매 print debug**: 매 debugPrint / logger 의 권장.
+
+## 🧪 검증 / 중복
+- Verified (dart.dev language tour, Dart 3.3 release 2024, Flutter 3.27).
+- 신뢰도 A.
+
+## 🕓 Changelog
+| 날짜 | 변경 |
+|---|---|
+| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
+| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — Dart 3 records/patterns/sealed 정리 |