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Antigravity Agent
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id: wiki-2026-0508-technical-debt
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title: Technical Debt
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category: 10_Wiki/Topics
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status: verified
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canonical_id: self
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aliases: [기술 부채, Tech Debt, Code Debt]
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duplicate_of: none
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source_trust_level: A
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confidence_score: 0.93
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verification_status: applied
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tags: [architecture, refactoring, debt, maintainability]
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raw_sources: []
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last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
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github_commit: pending
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tech_stack:
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language: agnostic
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framework: SonarQube/CodeScene
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---
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# Technical Debt
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## 매 한 줄
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> **"매 short-term shipping 의 가속 = long-term interest payment"**. Ward Cunningham 의 1992 metaphor — 매 financial debt 처럼 principal (수정 비용) + interest (매 feature add 의 slowdown) 의 구조. 매 2026 의 modern view 는 Martin Fowler 의 quadrant (deliberate/inadvertent × prudent/reckless).
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## 매 핵심
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### 매 Fowler quadrant
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- **Reckless + Deliberate**: "we don't have time for design" — 매 worst.
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- **Reckless + Inadvertent**: "what's layering?" — 매 ignorance.
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- **Prudent + Deliberate**: "we'll deal with consequences later" — 매 acceptable, 매 documented.
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- **Prudent + Inadvertent**: "now we know how we should have done it" — 매 unavoidable learning.
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### 매 types
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- **Code debt**: duplication, complexity, naming.
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- **Design debt**: 매 architecture 의 wrong abstraction.
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- **Test debt**: 매 missing/flaky test.
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- **Documentation debt**: 매 stale README, missing ADR.
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- **Dependency debt**: 매 outdated library, EOL runtime.
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- **Infrastructure debt**: manual deploy, no IaC.
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### 매 응용
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1. Sprint capacity 의 20% 를 debt paydown 에 reserve.
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2. ADR (Architecture Decision Record) 로 deliberate debt 의 documentation.
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3. SonarQube / CodeScene 의 hotspot 분석 — 매 churn × complexity.
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## 💻 패턴
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### TODO with debt tracking
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```typescript
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// TODO(debt:DB-LOAD-001 2026-Q3): N+1 query — refactor to single JOIN.
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// Acceptable now: 매 <100 users, 매 latency budget OK.
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// Owner: @backend-team
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async function getUsersWithPosts() {
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const users = await db.users.findAll();
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for (const user of users) {
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user.posts = await db.posts.findByUserId(user.id);
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}
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return users;
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}
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```
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### ADR (Architecture Decision Record)
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```markdown
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# ADR 0042: Use in-memory cache for session store (deliberate debt)
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## Status
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Accepted
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## Context
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We need session storage. Redis cluster setup adds 2 weeks. Launch in 1 week.
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## Decision
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Use in-process Map<sessionId, Session> for v1.
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## Consequences
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- (+) Ship on time.
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- (-) Sessions lost on restart.
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- (-) Cannot scale beyond 1 instance.
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- DEBT: Migrate to Redis when MAU > 10k OR before multi-region launch.
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```
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### Hotspot analysis (CodeScene-style)
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```bash
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# Find files with high churn × high complexity
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git log --pretty=format: --name-only --since="6 months ago" \
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| sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head -20 \
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| while read count file; do
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lines=$(wc -l < "$file" 2>/dev/null || echo 0)
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echo "$count $lines $file"
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done
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```
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### Boy Scout Rule (incremental paydown)
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```typescript
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// Before: legacy untyped
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function processOrder(o) {
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if (o.s === 'p') { /* ... */ }
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}
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// After (touched this function for unrelated bug → improved):
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type OrderStatus = 'pending' | 'paid' | 'shipped';
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function processOrder(order: Order) {
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if (order.status === 'pending') { /* ... */ }
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}
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```
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### Strangler fig migration
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```typescript
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// Route gradually from legacy to new
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app.use('/api/users', (req, res, next) => {
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if (featureFlag.isEnabled('new-user-service', req.user)) {
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return newUserService(req, res, next);
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}
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return legacyUserService(req, res, next);
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});
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```
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### Debt budget metric
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```typescript
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// Track debt as percentage of velocity
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interface SprintMetrics {
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totalPoints: number;
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featurePoints: number;
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debtPoints: number;
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bugPoints: number;
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}
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function debtRatio(m: SprintMetrics): number {
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return m.debtPoints / m.totalPoints;
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}
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// Target: 15-25%. <10% = accumulating. >40% = stuck in mud.
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```
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## 매 결정 기준
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| 상황 | Approach |
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|---|---|
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| Startup pre-PMF | Reckless OK, 매 ship fast |
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| Post-PMF growth | Prudent deliberate, ADR everywhere |
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| Mature product | 매 20% capacity to debt |
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| Hotspot (high churn + complex) | Refactor next |
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| Stable cold code | Leave it |
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**기본값**: 매 deliberate + prudent + documented. 매 boy scout rule 의 매 PR.
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## 🔗 Graph
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- 부모: [[Software_Architecture]] · [[Refactoring_Best_Practices|Refactoring]]
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- 변형: [[Code Smell]]
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- 응용: [[Architecture Decision Record]]
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- Adjacent: [[Boy Scout Rule]] · [[The Two Hats]]
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## 🤖 LLM 활용
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**언제**: debt categorization, ADR drafting, refactor prioritization, TODO format.
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**언제 X**: 매 codebase-specific hotspot detection — 매 actual git history + tooling 필요.
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## ❌ 안티패턴
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- **"We'll fix it later"**: 매 later 가 안 옴.
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- **Big bang rewrite**: 매 90% 가 fail (Joel Spolsky 2000).
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- **Debt without ownership**: 매 nobody fixes.
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- **Refactor sprint**: 매 isolation — 매 daily incremental 이 더 효과적.
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## 🧪 검증 / 중복
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- Verified (Cunningham 1992 OOPSLA experience report; Fowler 2009 quadrant).
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- 신뢰도 A.
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- 중복: [[Technical Debt (기술 부채)]] redirect.
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## 🕓 Changelog
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| 날짜 | 변경 |
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|---|---|
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| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
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| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — Fowler quadrant + 6 debt types + paydown patterns |
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