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id: wiki-2026-0508-object-oriented-programming
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title: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
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category: 10_Wiki/Topics
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status: verified
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canonical_id: self
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aliases: [OOP, Object Oriented Programming, 객체지향, 객체지향 프로그래밍]
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duplicate_of: none
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source_trust_level: A
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confidence_score: 0.95
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verification_status: applied
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tags: [oop, programming-paradigm, design, architecture]
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raw_sources: []
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last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
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github_commit: pending
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tech_stack:
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language: java-typescript-cpp
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framework: multi
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---
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# Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
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## 매 한 줄
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> **"매 data + behavior를 object로 묶고, polymorphism으로 동작을 추상화하는 패러다임."**. Simula 67 (1967) → Smalltalk (1972) → C++ (1985) → Java (1995) → 매 mainstream. 2026 현재는 OO + FP hybrid가 dominant — Java records, Kotlin data class, TypeScript readonly class, Rust trait이 그 증거.
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## 매 핵심
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### 매 4 pillar
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- **Encapsulation**: 매 internal state hide, expose behavior — `private` field + `public` method.
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- **Inheritance**: 매 reuse + specialize — 단 *favor composition over inheritance* (GoF).
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- **Polymorphism**: 매 same interface, different impl — virtual dispatch · duck typing.
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- **Abstraction**: 매 essential 만 expose — interface · abstract class.
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### 매 SOLID (Robert C. Martin)
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- **S**ingle Responsibility — 매 class one reason to change.
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- **O**pen/Closed — 매 extend without modify.
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- **L**iskov Substitution — 매 subtype substitutable.
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- **I**nterface Segregation — 매 small focused interfaces.
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- **D**ependency Inversion — 매 depend on abstraction.
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### 매 응용
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1. Domain-Driven Design — Entity, Value Object, Aggregate.
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2. GUI framework — Component hierarchy (React class component, Qt widget).
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3. Game engine — Entity-Component-System (modern hybrid).
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## 💻 패턴
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### Encapsulation — invariant 보장
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```java
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public final class Money {
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private final BigDecimal amount;
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private final Currency currency;
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public Money(BigDecimal a, Currency c) {
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if (a.signum() < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative");
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this.amount = a; this.currency = c;
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}
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public Money add(Money other) {
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if (!currency.equals(other.currency))
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throw new IllegalStateException("currency mismatch");
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return new Money(amount.add(other.amount), currency);
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}
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}
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```
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### Polymorphism — strategy
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```typescript
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interface Shipping {
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calculate(weight: number): number;
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}
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class StandardShipping implements Shipping {
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calculate(w: number) { return w * 5; }
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}
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class ExpressShipping implements Shipping {
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calculate(w: number) { return w * 12 + 10; }
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}
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function totalCost(items: Item[], shipping: Shipping): number {
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const w = items.reduce((s, i) => s + i.weight, 0);
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return items.reduce((s, i) => s + i.price, 0) + shipping.calculate(w);
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}
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```
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### Composition over inheritance
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```typescript
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// BAD: deep hierarchy
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class Animal {}
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class Dog extends Animal {}
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class FlyingDog extends Dog {} // ???
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// GOOD: composition
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class Animal {
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constructor(
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private mover: Movement,
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private noise: NoiseMaker,
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) {}
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move() { return this.mover.move(); }
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speak() { return this.noise.sound(); }
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}
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const dog = new Animal(new Walking(), new Bark());
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const bird = new Animal(new Flying(), new Chirp());
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```
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### Abstract class + template method
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```java
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public abstract class HttpHandler {
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public final Response handle(Request req) {
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if (!authenticate(req)) return Response.unauthorized();
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var data = process(req);
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return render(data);
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}
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protected abstract boolean authenticate(Request req);
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protected abstract Object process(Request req);
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protected Response render(Object data) {
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return Response.ok().json(data);
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}
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}
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```
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### Modern hybrid — record (Java 21) / data class
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```java
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public record User(UserId id, Email email, String name) {
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public User { // compact constructor
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Objects.requireNonNull(email);
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if (name.isBlank()) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
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}
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public User withName(String n) { return new User(id, email, n); }
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}
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```
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### Trait-based OOP (Rust)
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```rust
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trait Drawable {
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fn draw(&self, canvas: &mut Canvas);
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fn bounds(&self) -> Rect;
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}
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struct Circle { center: Point, r: f32 }
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impl Drawable for Circle {
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fn draw(&self, c: &mut Canvas) { c.circle(self.center, self.r); }
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fn bounds(&self) -> Rect { Rect::around(self.center, self.r) }
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}
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fn render_all(shapes: &[Box<dyn Drawable>], canvas: &mut Canvas) {
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for s in shapes { s.draw(canvas); }
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}
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```
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## 매 결정 기준
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| 상황 | Approach |
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|---|---|
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| Domain with complex invariants | OOP + DDD entities/VO |
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| Pure data transformation | FP (immutable + pure functions) |
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| Plug-in / extensibility | Interface + DI |
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| State machine | OOP class with explicit states |
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| Hot loop, ECS scale | Data-Oriented (avoid virtual dispatch) |
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**기본값**: hybrid OOP+FP — value objects immutable, services with interfaces, pure functions for transforms.
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## 🔗 Graph
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- 변형: [[Functional_Programming]] · [[Procedural-Architecture-Systems]] · [[ECS]]
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- 응용: [[SOLID Principles]] · [[Polymorphism (다형성)]] · [[Object Seam (객체 접점)]] · [[Bounded_Context]]
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- Adjacent: [[High-Cohesion-Low-Coupling]] · [[Dependency_Inversion_Principle]] · [[Hexagonal_Architecture_Ports_and_Adapters]]
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## 🤖 LLM 활용
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**언제**: business domain modeling, framework/library design, GUI hierarchy, plug-in architecture.
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**언제 X**: hot numerical loop (DOD better), pure transform pipeline (FP cleaner), 1-file script.
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## ❌ 안티패턴
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- **God Object**: 매 모든 책임 한 class — SRP 위반.
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- **Anemic Domain Model**: data only, behavior in service — OOP 무력화.
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- **Deep inheritance (4+ levels)**: 매 fragile base class.
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- **Premature interface**: 매 single impl을 interface로 — YAGNI.
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- **Setter everywhere**: 매 invariant 깨짐 — immutable + factory.
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## 🧪 검증 / 중복
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- Verified (GoF *Design Patterns* 1994, Martin *Clean Code* 2008, Evans *DDD* 2003, Java/Kotlin/Rust 2026 docs).
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- 신뢰도 A.
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- Duplicates: `객체_지향_프로그래밍(OOP).md`, `객체_지향_프로그래밍_Object-Oriented_Programming,_OOP.md` should redirect here.
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## 🕓 Changelog
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| 날짜 | 변경 |
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|---|---|
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| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
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| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — canonical OOP doc (4 pillars + SOLID + modern hybrid) |
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