docs(10_Wiki): Topic_Business/General/Graphic/Programming을 Topics/ 하위로 이동
최상위 10_Wiki/Topic_*였던 4개 카테고리 폴더를 10_Wiki/Topics/Topic_* 로 재배치. 콘텐츠 변경 없음(순수 폴더 이동) — Topics/ 하위 나머지 폴더는 이미 지난 커밋에서 전부 정리된 상태(잔존 항목은 에이전트 운영 상태 및 사용자가 보존을 요청한 업데이트0615/무제 3.canvas 뿐).
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Antigravity Agent
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---
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id: wiki-2026-0508-browser
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title: Browser
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category: 10_Wiki/Topics
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status: verified
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canonical_id: self
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aliases: [Web Browser, Browser Internals, Rendering Engine]
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duplicate_of: none
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source_trust_level: A
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confidence_score: 0.9
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verification_status: applied
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tags: [browser, web, rendering, javascript, networking]
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raw_sources: []
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last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
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github_commit: pending
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tech_stack:
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language: C++/Rust
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framework: Chromium/Gecko/WebKit
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---
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# Browser
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## 매 한 줄
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> **"매 browser = networking stack + parsing + rendering + JS engine + sandbox 의 거대한 OS-like 시스템."**. 매 2026 현재 Chromium-derived (Chrome, Edge, Brave, Arc) 가 ~70% market share, Firefox/Gecko 와 Safari/WebKit 이 나머지. 매 process-per-site isolation, GPU-accelerated compositing, V8 의 Sparkplug+Maglev+TurboFan tier 가 modern baseline.
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## 매 핵심
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### 매 multi-process architecture
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- **Browser process**: 매 UI, networking, IPC orchestration.
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- **Renderer process**: 매 site-per-process — Blink + V8.
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- **GPU process**: 매 compositing, WebGL/WebGPU.
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- **Network service**: 매 별도 process — credential isolation.
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- **Utility processes**: 매 audio, video decode, storage.
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### 매 rendering pipeline
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1. **Parse** HTML → DOM.
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2. **Parse** CSS → CSSOM.
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3. **Style** — match rules → ComputedStyle.
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4. **Layout** — geometry computation.
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5. **Paint** — layer 별 display list.
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6. **Composite** — GPU 가 layer 합성.
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### 매 JS engine tiers (V8)
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- **Ignition** (interpreter) → **Sparkplug** (baseline JIT) → **Maglev** (mid-tier) → **TurboFan** (optimizing JIT).
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- 매 hot function 만 점진적 promotion.
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### 매 응용
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1. **Web app development**: 매 performance budgeting.
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2. **Extension / DevTools**: 매 internal API.
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3. **Embedded webview**: 매 Electron, Tauri, CEF.
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4. **Headless**: 매 Puppeteer, Playwright scraping/test.
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## 💻 패턴
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### Performance: Critical Rendering Path
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```html
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<!-- inline above-the-fold CSS, defer non-critical -->
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<style>/* critical CSS here */</style>
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<link rel="preload" href="/fonts/main.woff2" as="font" crossorigin>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="/non-critical.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'">
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<script type="module" src="/app.js" defer></script>
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```
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### Avoid layout thrash
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```javascript
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// BAD — read/write/read/write triggers sync layouts
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boxes.forEach(b => {
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const w = b.offsetWidth; // forces layout
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b.style.width = (w * 2) + 'px'; // invalidates
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});
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// GOOD — batch reads then writes
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const widths = boxes.map(b => b.offsetWidth);
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boxes.forEach((b, i) => b.style.width = (widths[i] * 2) + 'px');
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```
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### Service worker — offline + cache
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```javascript
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// sw.js
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self.addEventListener('install', e => {
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e.waitUntil(caches.open('v1').then(c => c.addAll([
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'/', '/app.js', '/styles.css'
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])));
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});
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self.addEventListener('fetch', e => {
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e.respondWith(
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caches.match(e.request).then(r => r || fetch(e.request))
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);
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});
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```
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### Intersection observer (lazy load)
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```javascript
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const io = new IntersectionObserver(entries => {
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for (const e of entries) {
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if (e.isIntersecting) {
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e.target.src = e.target.dataset.src;
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io.unobserve(e.target);
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}
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}
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}, { rootMargin: '200px' });
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document.querySelectorAll('img[data-src]').forEach(img => io.observe(img));
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```
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### Web Workers — off-main-thread
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```javascript
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// main.js
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const w = new Worker('worker.js', { type: 'module' });
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w.postMessage({ buffer: bigArray }, [bigArray.buffer]); // transfer, not copy
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w.onmessage = e => console.log(e.data);
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// worker.js
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onmessage = e => {
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const result = heavyCompute(e.data.buffer);
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postMessage(result);
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};
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```
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### Performance API — measure real users
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```javascript
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new PerformanceObserver(list => {
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for (const entry of list.getEntries()) {
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if (entry.name === 'LCP') sendBeacon('lcp', entry.startTime);
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if (entry.entryType === 'layout-shift') sendBeacon('cls', entry.value);
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if (entry.entryType === 'event') sendBeacon('inp', entry.duration);
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}
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}).observe({ type: 'largest-contentful-paint', buffered: true });
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```
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### CSP header
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```http
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Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'sha256-AbCd...';
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style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; img-src 'self' data: https:; frame-ancestors 'none';
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```
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### WebGPU compute (modern)
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```javascript
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const adapter = await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter();
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const device = await adapter.requestDevice();
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const shader = device.createShaderModule({ code: `
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@group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read_write> v: array<f32>;
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@compute @workgroup_size(64) fn main(@builtin(global_invocation_id) g: vec3u) {
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v[g.x] = v[g.x] * 2.0;
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}`});
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// ... pipeline + dispatch
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```
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## 매 결정 기준
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| 상황 | Approach |
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|---|---|
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| Hydration TTI 느림 | islands / partial hydration (Astro, Qwik) |
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| Heavy compute on UI thread | Web Worker / WebAssembly |
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| Repeated tiny renders | requestAnimationFrame batch |
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| Need GPU for ML inference | WebGPU + ONNX Runtime Web |
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| Cross-origin embed | iframe + CSP frame-ancestors |
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**기본값**: HTTP/3 + service worker cache + defer non-critical JS + Web Vitals monitoring.
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## 🔗 Graph
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- 변형: [[Chromium]] · [[WebKit]]
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- 응용: [[Single_Page_Application]] · [[PWA]] · [[Electron]]
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- Adjacent: [[V8]] · [[WebAssembly]] · [[WebGPU]] · [[Service_Worker]]
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## 🤖 LLM 활용
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**언제**: web perf 최적화, browser API 선택, rendering pipeline 디버깅.
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**언제 X**: server-side rendering 내부 (Node/Bun 영역).
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## ❌ 안티패턴
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- **document.write**: 매 parser blocking — 절대 X.
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- **Synchronous XHR**: 매 main thread freeze — deprecated.
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- **Layout thrash loop**: 매 read-write 교차 → forced sync layouts.
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- **Massive bundle (>1MB JS)**: 매 mobile TTI 폭망 — code splitting 필수.
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- **Too many compositor layers**: 매 will-change 남발 → GPU memory exhaustion.
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## 🧪 검증 / 중복
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- Verified (web.dev/architecture, Chromium design docs 2024, V8 blog 2025).
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- 신뢰도 A.
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## 🕓 Changelog
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| 날짜 | 변경 |
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|---|---|
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| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
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| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — multi-process arch, rendering pipeline, modern web APIs |
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