docs(10_Wiki): 위키 전체 재구성 — Topic_* 폴더를 4개 카테고리로 통합 + 대규모 중복 제거

Topic_Agent/Topic_Blog/Topics/Topics_Biz/Topics_Meeting/Topics_Rag의 마크다운 지식 문서를
Topic_General/Topic_Programming/Topic_Graphic/Topic_Business 4개 카테고리로 재분류.

- 중복 제거: frontmatter의 status:duplicate/merged + duplicate_of/redirect_to 필드로
  자기 자신을 중복으로 선언한 리다이렉트 stub 1032개 제거, 완전 동일 내용 파일 472개 제거,
  동일 파일명·다른 내용 충돌 시 더 큰(완전한) 버전만 유지(162개 제거) — 총 1639개 중복 제거.
- 분류: 폴더 단위로 명확한 항목(AI_and_ML/Coding/Architecture 등 → Programming,
  Comfyui/Visual_Effects → Graphic, Topics_Biz/Topics_Meeting/사업 등 → Business,
  Poetic_Blog_Writing/창의성/Game_Design 등 → General)은 폴더 우선순위로,
  나머지 혼재 폴더(Topic_Agent/Topic_Blog/Topics 루트/Thinking & Reasoning/Other/UI_UX_Assets)는
  title/tags 키워드 스코어링으로 파일 단위 분류(불명확한 경우 General로 폴백).
  원본 폴더명은 "From_*" 서브폴더로 보존해 추적 가능성 유지.
- 최종 배치: Programming 2784 / General 1608 / Graphic 285 / Business 249 = 4926개 문서.
- 에이전트 운영 상태(.astra/.agent/.obsidian/sessions/memory/_company/docs/lessons/_shared/src)는
  지식 콘텐츠가 아니므로 재분류 대상에서 제외하고 원위치 유지.
- Topics/Topic_email(상위 보호 폴더 Topic_email과 파일명 100% 중복) 삭제 — 보호 폴더 자체는 미변경.
- 완전히 비게 된 Topic_Agent/Topic_Blog/Topics_Biz/Topics_Rag 폴더 제거.
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---
id: wiki-2026-0508-stochastic-gradient-descent
title: Stochastic Gradient Descent
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [SGD, Mini-batch SGD, Stochastic Gradient Descent]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.95
verification_status: applied
tags: [machine-learning, optimization, deep-learning, gradient-descent]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
language: python
framework: pytorch
---
# Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)
## 매 한 줄
> **"매 한 sample (or mini-batch) 에 대한 gradient 로 매 step — 매 noisy 하지만 매 cheap, 매 escape from local minima"**. Robbins & Monro (1951) 의 stochastic approximation 의 후예. 2026 deep learning 의 foundation — 매 SGD+momentum, AdamW, Lion 가 매 default.
## 매 핵심
### 매 vs full-batch
- **Batch GD**: 매 entire dataset gradient — 매 expensive, deterministic.
- **SGD (online)**: 매 single sample — 매 noisy, fast.
- **Mini-batch SGD**: 매 324096 samples — 매 modern default. 매 GPU 의 vectorize.
### 매 update rule
- Vanilla SGD: `θ ← θ η ∇L(θ; x_i, y_i)`.
- Momentum: `v ← μv + ∇L; θ ← θ − ηv`.
- Nesterov: 매 lookahead momentum.
### 매 modern variants
- **AdamW** (Loshchilov 2019): adaptive lr + decoupled weight decay — 매 LLM/transformer default.
- **Lion** (Chen 2023): sign-based momentum — 매 less memory, comparable.
- **Sophia** (2023): second-order — 매 LLM pretrain.
- **Muon** (Jordan 2024): orthogonalized momentum — 매 emerging.
### 매 응용
1. Neural network training (all of deep learning).
2. Logistic regression, linear regression at scale.
3. Online learning / streaming data.
## 💻 패턴
### PyTorch 2.5 — SGD with momentum
```python
import torch
from torch import nn, optim
model = nn.Linear(784, 10)
optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.01, momentum=0.9, nesterov=True)
loss_fn = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
for epoch in range(10):
for x, y in dataloader:
optimizer.zero_grad()
loss = loss_fn(model(x), y)
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
```
### AdamW (transformer default 2026)
```python
optimizer = optim.AdamW(
model.parameters(),
lr=3e-4,
betas=(0.9, 0.95),
weight_decay=0.1,
fused=True, # 매 GPU fused kernel
)
```
### Cosine LR schedule
```python
from torch.optim.lr_scheduler import CosineAnnealingLR
scheduler = CosineAnnealingLR(optimizer, T_max=num_steps, eta_min=1e-6)
for step in range(num_steps):
train_step()
optimizer.step()
scheduler.step()
```
### Linear warmup + cosine decay (LLM standard)
```python
def lr_lambda(step):
if step < warmup:
return step / warmup
progress = (step - warmup) / (total - warmup)
return 0.5 * (1 + math.cos(math.pi * progress))
scheduler = optim.lr_scheduler.LambdaLR(optimizer, lr_lambda)
```
### Gradient clipping (stability)
```python
torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), max_norm=1.0)
optimizer.step()
```
### Mixed precision SGD (bf16, H100)
```python
scaler = torch.amp.GradScaler("cuda")
with torch.autocast("cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16):
loss = loss_fn(model(x), y)
scaler.scale(loss).backward()
scaler.unscale_(optimizer)
torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), 1.0)
scaler.step(optimizer)
scaler.update()
```
### Pure NumPy SGD (linear regression)
```python
import numpy as np
def sgd(X, y, lr=0.01, epochs=100, batch=32):
w = np.zeros(X.shape[1])
for _ in range(epochs):
idx = np.random.permutation(len(X))
for i in range(0, len(X), batch):
b = idx[i:i+batch]
grad = X[b].T @ (X[b] @ w - y[b]) / len(b)
w -= lr * grad
return w
```
### Lion optimizer (2026 alt)
```python
# pip install lion-pytorch
from lion_pytorch import Lion
optimizer = Lion(model.parameters(), lr=1e-4, weight_decay=0.01)
```
## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| Image classification (ResNet, ViT) | SGD + momentum + cosine |
| LLM / Transformer training | AdamW + linear warmup + cosine |
| Memory-constrained large model | Lion or 8-bit Adam (bitsandbytes) |
| Convex optimization, theoretical guarantee | Vanilla SGD with decreasing lr |
| Online streaming data | Mini-batch SGD, lr ~ 1/sqrt(t) |
**기본값**: 매 transformer/LLM → AdamW 3e-4 + warmup 1k steps + cosine. 매 CNN → SGD 0.1 + momentum 0.9 + cosine.
## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Gradient Descent]] · [[Optimization]]
- 변형: [[Adam]] · [[AdamW]]
- 응용: [[Deep Learning]]
- Adjacent: [[Gradient Clipping]] · [[데이터 사이언스 및 ML 엔지니어링|Backpropagation]]
## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 매 model training의 default optimizer choice; debug convergence (loss spike, plateau).
**언제 X**: 매 closed-form solution exists (small linear regression — use normal equation); 매 second-order necessary (small classical ML).
## ❌ 안티패턴
- **lr too high**: 매 loss explosion / NaN. 매 warmup + clip.
- **No weight decay**: 매 overfitting.
- **Momentum with lr too high**: 매 oscillation.
- **AdamW lr=1e-3 for LLM**: 매 too high — 1e-4 ~ 3e-4 가 매 standard.
- **Batch size 1 on GPU**: 매 underutilization. 매 32+ 의 사용.
## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (PyTorch docs 2.5; Goodfellow *Deep Learning* ch.8; Loshchilov AdamW 2019).
- 신뢰도 A.
## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — SGD + modern variants (AdamW, Lion, Muon) for 2026 |