docs(10_Wiki): 위키 전체 재구성 — Topic_* 폴더를 4개 카테고리로 통합 + 대규모 중복 제거

Topic_Agent/Topic_Blog/Topics/Topics_Biz/Topics_Meeting/Topics_Rag의 마크다운 지식 문서를
Topic_General/Topic_Programming/Topic_Graphic/Topic_Business 4개 카테고리로 재분류.

- 중복 제거: frontmatter의 status:duplicate/merged + duplicate_of/redirect_to 필드로
  자기 자신을 중복으로 선언한 리다이렉트 stub 1032개 제거, 완전 동일 내용 파일 472개 제거,
  동일 파일명·다른 내용 충돌 시 더 큰(완전한) 버전만 유지(162개 제거) — 총 1639개 중복 제거.
- 분류: 폴더 단위로 명확한 항목(AI_and_ML/Coding/Architecture 등 → Programming,
  Comfyui/Visual_Effects → Graphic, Topics_Biz/Topics_Meeting/사업 등 → Business,
  Poetic_Blog_Writing/창의성/Game_Design 등 → General)은 폴더 우선순위로,
  나머지 혼재 폴더(Topic_Agent/Topic_Blog/Topics 루트/Thinking & Reasoning/Other/UI_UX_Assets)는
  title/tags 키워드 스코어링으로 파일 단위 분류(불명확한 경우 General로 폴백).
  원본 폴더명은 "From_*" 서브폴더로 보존해 추적 가능성 유지.
- 최종 배치: Programming 2784 / General 1608 / Graphic 285 / Business 249 = 4926개 문서.
- 에이전트 운영 상태(.astra/.agent/.obsidian/sessions/memory/_company/docs/lessons/_shared/src)는
  지식 콘텐츠가 아니므로 재분류 대상에서 제외하고 원위치 유지.
- Topics/Topic_email(상위 보호 폴더 Topic_email과 파일명 100% 중복) 삭제 — 보호 폴더 자체는 미변경.
- 완전히 비게 된 Topic_Agent/Topic_Blog/Topics_Biz/Topics_Rag 폴더 제거.
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---
id: wiki-2026-0508-l1-and-l2-regularization
title: L1 and L2 Regularization
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [L1, L2, Lasso, Ridge, ElasticNet, weight decay, regularization]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.97
verification_status: applied
tags: [machine-learning, regularization, l1, l2, lasso, ridge, weight-decay]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
language: Python
framework: scikit-learn / PyTorch
---
# L1 and L2 Regularization
## 매 한 줄
> **"매 weight 의 magnitude 의 의 의 의 penalize"**. L1 (Lasso) → 매 sparsity. L2 (Ridge) → 매 small. ElasticNet (combine). 매 modern: 매 weight decay (DL), 매 AdamW의 decoupled. 매 dropout 도 regularizer.
## 매 핵심
### 매 L1 (Lasso)
- 매 penalty: λ Σ |wᵢ|.
- 매 effect: 매 sparse solutions (zeros).
- 매 응용: 매 feature selection.
### 매 L2 (Ridge)
- 매 penalty: λ Σ wᵢ².
- 매 effect: 매 small but non-zero.
- 매 응용: 매 multicollinearity.
### 매 ElasticNet
-α L1 + (1-α) L2.
### 매 modern DL
- **Weight decay** (= L2).
- **AdamW**: 매 decoupled weight decay (Loshchilov 2019).
- **Dropout**: 매 implicit reg.
- **Batch norm**: 매 implicit reg.
- **Early stopping**: 매 implicit reg.
### 매 응용
1. **Linear regression**: Ridge, Lasso.
2. **Logistic regression**: 매 class_weight + L2.
3. **DL training**: weight decay.
4. **Feature selection**: Lasso.
## 💻 패턴
### Ridge (sklearn)
```python
from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
model = Ridge(alpha=1.0).fit(X, y)
```
### Lasso (sklearn)
```python
from sklearn.linear_model import Lasso
model = Lasso(alpha=0.1).fit(X, y)
print((model.coef_ == 0).sum(), 'zero coefficients')
```
### ElasticNet
```python
from sklearn.linear_model import ElasticNet
model = ElasticNet(alpha=0.1, l1_ratio=0.5).fit(X, y)
```
### Logistic + L2
```python
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
model = LogisticRegression(penalty='l2', C=1.0).fit(X, y)
# 매 C = 1/alpha (inverse strength)
```
### PyTorch weight decay
```python
import torch
optim = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.01, weight_decay=1e-4)
# 매 = L2 in SGD
```
### AdamW (decoupled, recommended)
```python
optim = torch.optim.AdamW(model.parameters(), lr=1e-3, weight_decay=0.01)
# 매 better than Adam + weight_decay
```
### Manual L1 in PyTorch
```python
def l1_penalty(model, lam=1e-5):
return lam * sum(p.abs().sum() for p in model.parameters())
loss = task_loss + l1_penalty(model)
```
### CV-tune α (sklearn)
```python
from sklearn.linear_model import RidgeCV
model = RidgeCV(alphas=[0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100]).fit(X, y)
print(model.alpha_)
```
### LassoCV
```python
from sklearn.linear_model import LassoCV
model = LassoCV(alphas=np.logspace(-4, 0, 50), cv=5).fit(X, y)
```
### Path plot (regularization strength sweep)
```python
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
alphas = np.logspace(-4, 1, 50)
coefs = []
for a in alphas:
coefs.append(Lasso(alpha=a).fit(X, y).coef_)
plt.plot(alphas, coefs)
plt.xscale('log')
plt.xlabel('alpha'); plt.ylabel('coefficient')
```
### Group L1 (group lasso)
```python
def group_lasso_penalty(weights, groups, lam):
total = 0
for group in groups:
total += lam * np.sqrt(sum(weights[i]**2 for i in group))
return total
```
### Different decay per layer (DL)
```python
optim = torch.optim.AdamW([
{'params': model.encoder.parameters(), 'weight_decay': 0.01},
{'params': model.head.parameters(), 'weight_decay': 0.001},
])
```
### Bias / norm exclude (best practice)
```python
def get_param_groups(model, weight_decay):
decay, no_decay = [], []
for name, p in model.named_parameters():
if p.requires_grad:
if 'bias' in name or 'norm' in name: no_decay.append(p)
else: decay.append(p)
return [
{'params': decay, 'weight_decay': weight_decay},
{'params': no_decay, 'weight_decay': 0},
]
optim = torch.optim.AdamW(get_param_groups(model, 0.01), lr=1e-3)
```
### Effect on bias-variance
```python
def reg_effect(alphas, X_train, y_train, X_val, y_val):
train_err, val_err = [], []
for a in alphas:
m = Ridge(alpha=a).fit(X_train, y_train)
train_err.append(((m.predict(X_train) - y_train) ** 2).mean())
val_err.append(((m.predict(X_val) - y_val) ** 2).mean())
return train_err, val_err
# 매 high alpha → train ↑, val ↓ (until point) → val ↑ (over-reg)
```
### Sparsity-induced (modern DL)
```python
def magnitude_pruning(model, sparsity=0.5):
"""매 매 layer 의 의 의 의 magnitude bottom-x% 의 zero out."""
for name, p in model.named_parameters():
if 'weight' in name:
threshold = p.abs().flatten().kthvalue(int(p.numel() * sparsity)).values
p.data[p.abs() < threshold] = 0
```
## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Method |
|---|---|
| Linear | Ridge / Lasso / ElasticNet |
| Feature selection | Lasso |
| Multicollinearity | Ridge |
| DL | AdamW weight decay |
| Sparsity goal | Lasso / pruning |
| Best DL practice | AdamW + exclude bias/norm |
**기본값**: 매 DL = AdamW + 0.01-0.1 weight decay + bias/norm exclude. 매 linear = ElasticNet CV. 매 sparsity = Lasso.
## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[L1-and-L2-Regularization|Regularization]] · [[Optimization]]
- 변형: [[Lasso]] · [[Ridge]] · [[ElasticNet]] · [[Weight-Decay]]
- Adjacent: [[Generalization-in-AI]]
## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 매 모든 ML training.
**언제 X**: 매 underfit (no need).
## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Adam + weight_decay**: 매 use AdamW.
- **Same decay for bias / norm**: 매 hurt training.
- **No CV α**: 매 wrong strength.
- **L1 for DL** (without sparsity goal): 매 unstable.
## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Hastie-Tibshirani-Friedman, Loshchilov AdamW 2019).
- 신뢰도 A.
## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — L1/L2 + 매 sklearn / AdamW / param groups / pruning code |