docs(10_Wiki): 위키 전체 재구성 — Topic_* 폴더를 4개 카테고리로 통합 + 대규모 중복 제거

Topic_Agent/Topic_Blog/Topics/Topics_Biz/Topics_Meeting/Topics_Rag의 마크다운 지식 문서를
Topic_General/Topic_Programming/Topic_Graphic/Topic_Business 4개 카테고리로 재분류.

- 중복 제거: frontmatter의 status:duplicate/merged + duplicate_of/redirect_to 필드로
  자기 자신을 중복으로 선언한 리다이렉트 stub 1032개 제거, 완전 동일 내용 파일 472개 제거,
  동일 파일명·다른 내용 충돌 시 더 큰(완전한) 버전만 유지(162개 제거) — 총 1639개 중복 제거.
- 분류: 폴더 단위로 명확한 항목(AI_and_ML/Coding/Architecture 등 → Programming,
  Comfyui/Visual_Effects → Graphic, Topics_Biz/Topics_Meeting/사업 등 → Business,
  Poetic_Blog_Writing/창의성/Game_Design 등 → General)은 폴더 우선순위로,
  나머지 혼재 폴더(Topic_Agent/Topic_Blog/Topics 루트/Thinking & Reasoning/Other/UI_UX_Assets)는
  title/tags 키워드 스코어링으로 파일 단위 분류(불명확한 경우 General로 폴백).
  원본 폴더명은 "From_*" 서브폴더로 보존해 추적 가능성 유지.
- 최종 배치: Programming 2784 / General 1608 / Graphic 285 / Business 249 = 4926개 문서.
- 에이전트 운영 상태(.astra/.agent/.obsidian/sessions/memory/_company/docs/lessons/_shared/src)는
  지식 콘텐츠가 아니므로 재분류 대상에서 제외하고 원위치 유지.
- Topics/Topic_email(상위 보호 폴더 Topic_email과 파일명 100% 중복) 삭제 — 보호 폴더 자체는 미변경.
- 완전히 비게 된 Topic_Agent/Topic_Blog/Topics_Biz/Topics_Rag 폴더 제거.
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---
id: wiki-2026-0508-computer-vision
title: Computer Vision
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [CV, computer vision, image classification, object detection, segmentation, ViT, CLIP, SAM, depth estimation]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.95
verification_status: applied
tags: [computer-vision, deep-learning, cnn, vit, segmentation, detection, sam, clip, dino, image-classification]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
language: Python
framework: PyTorch / Transformers / Detectron2 / Ultralytics / SAM
---
# Computer Vision
## 매 한 줄
> **"매 pixel 의 meaning"**. 매 classification → 매 detection → 매 segmentation → 매 depth → 매 generation. 매 modern: 매 ViT 의 dominant + 매 foundation model (CLIP, SAM, DINOv2). 매 multi-modal LLM 의 vision encoder 의 base.
## 매 핵심 task
### Classification
- 매 image → 매 class.
- 매 ImageNet, 매 ResNet, 매 ViT.
### Detection
- 매 image → 매 bbox + class.
- 매 [[Bounding-Box-Regression]] 참조.
- 매 YOLO, DETR.
### Segmentation
- **Semantic**: 매 pixel → 매 class.
- **Instance**: 매 pixel → 매 instance.
- **Panoptic**: 매 결합.
- 매 SAM (Segment Anything).
### Depth estimation
- **Monocular**: 매 single image → 매 depth.
- **Stereo**: 매 두 camera.
- 매 MiDaS, Depth Anything.
### Pose estimation
- **2D / 3D**.
- 매 OpenPose, MediaPipe, ViTPose.
### Tracking
- 매 video 의 across frames.
- 매 ByteTrack, BoT-SORT.
### Generation
- 매 GAN, Diffusion, Stable Diffusion.
- 매 [[AI 이미지 생성 및 편집 워크플로우 (AI Image Generation & Editing Workflow)]] 참조.
### OCR
- 매 text from image.
- 매 PaddleOCR, Tesseract, GPT-4V.
### Action recognition
- 매 video understanding.
### Re-Identification
- 매 person / vehicle re-id.
### 3D vision
- 매 NeRF, Gaussian Splatting.
- 매 [[Automated_Mapping]] 참조.
## 매 architecture history
### CNN era (2012-2020)
- AlexNet (2012) → 매 ImageNet revolution.
- VGG, ResNet (skip connection), DenseNet, EfficientNet.
- 매 inductive bias: locality + translation invariance.
### ViT era (2020+)
- ViT (Dosovitskiy 2020).
- 매 patch + transformer.
- 매 large data 의 dominate.
- Swin, DeiT, MAE pretrain.
### Foundation model (2021+)
- **CLIP**: 매 image-text contrastive.
- **DINO / DINOv2**: 매 self-supervised.
- **MAE**: 매 masked autoencoder.
- **SAM**: 매 segment anything.
- **Depth Anything**: 매 universal depth.
### Multi-modal (2023+)
- **GPT-4V, Claude vision, Gemini**: 매 LLM + vision.
- **LLaVA, Qwen-VL**: 매 open.
- **Sora, Veo**: 매 video generation.
## 💻 패턴
### Image classification (ViT, HuggingFace)
```python
from transformers import ViTImageProcessor, ViTForImageClassification
from PIL import Image
processor = ViTImageProcessor.from_pretrained('google/vit-large-patch16-384')
model = ViTForImageClassification.from_pretrained('google/vit-large-patch16-384')
image = Image.open('cat.jpg')
inputs = processor(images=image, return_tensors='pt')
outputs = model(**inputs)
predicted_idx = outputs.logits.argmax(-1).item()
print(model.config.id2label[predicted_idx])
```
### Object detection (YOLO)
```python
from ultralytics import YOLO
model = YOLO('yolov8x.pt')
results = model('image.jpg', conf=0.5)
for r in results:
for box in r.boxes:
print(f'{model.names[int(box.cls)]}: {box.conf.item():.2f} at {box.xyxy[0].tolist()}')
```
### Segmentation (SAM)
```python
from segment_anything import sam_model_registry, SamPredictor
import cv2
sam = sam_model_registry['vit_h'](checkpoint='sam_vit_h.pth').to('cuda')
predictor = SamPredictor(sam)
predictor.set_image(image)
# 매 prompt: bbox or point
masks, scores, _ = predictor.predict(
box=np.array([100, 100, 400, 400]),
multimask_output=False,
)
```
### Depth estimation (Depth Anything)
```python
from transformers import pipeline
pipe = pipeline('depth-estimation', model='depth-anything/Depth-Anything-V2-Large-hf')
depth = pipe(image)['depth']
depth.save('depth.png')
```
### CLIP zero-shot
```python
import open_clip
model, _, preprocess = open_clip.create_model_and_transforms('ViT-L-14', pretrained='openai')
tokenizer = open_clip.get_tokenizer('ViT-L-14')
candidates = ['a cat', 'a dog', 'a bird']
text = tokenizer(candidates)
img = preprocess(image).unsqueeze(0)
with torch.no_grad():
img_feat = model.encode_image(img) / ...
text_feat = model.encode_text(text) / ...
similarity = (100 * img_feat @ text_feat.T).softmax(-1)
```
### Pose estimation (MediaPipe)
```python
import mediapipe as mp
mp_pose = mp.solutions.pose
with mp_pose.Pose() as pose:
results = pose.process(cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
if results.pose_landmarks:
for lm in results.pose_landmarks.landmark:
print(lm.x, lm.y, lm.z, lm.visibility)
```
### Tracking (ByteTrack)
```python
from yolox.tracker.byte_tracker import BYTETracker
tracker = BYTETracker(args)
for frame in video:
detections = detector(frame) # 매 (N, 5): xyxy + conf
tracked = tracker.update(detections, frame_size, frame_size)
for t in tracked:
print(t.track_id, t.tlbr, t.score)
```
### OCR (PaddleOCR)
```python
from paddleocr import PaddleOCR
ocr = PaddleOCR(use_angle_cls=True, lang='en')
result = ocr.ocr('document.jpg', cls=True)
for line in result[0]:
bbox, (text, conf) = line
print(text, conf)
```
### Multi-modal (GPT-4V via API)
```python
from openai import OpenAI
client = OpenAI()
response = client.chat.completions.create(
model='gpt-4o',
messages=[{
'role': 'user',
'content': [
{'type': 'text', 'text': 'What objects do you see, and where are they?'},
{'type': 'image_url', 'image_url': {'url': image_url}},
],
}],
)
print(response.choices[0].message.content)
```
### Self-supervised pre-train (MAE, simplified)
```python
def mae_pretrain(model, image, mask_ratio=0.75):
patches = patchify(image, patch_size=16)
n_visible = int(len(patches) * (1 - mask_ratio))
visible_idx = torch.randperm(len(patches))[:n_visible]
encoded = encoder(patches[visible_idx])
full = insert_mask_tokens(encoded, visible_idx, total=len(patches))
reconstructed = decoder(full)
loss = ((reconstructed[masked_idx] - patches[masked_idx]) ** 2).mean()
return loss
```
### NeRF (volumetric 3D)
```python
# 매 [[Automated_Mapping]] 참조 — 매 NeRF / Gaussian Splatting code
```
## 🤔 결정 기준
| Task | Tool |
|---|---|
| Classify | ViT / EfficientNet |
| Detect | YOLOv8 / DETR / Grounding DINO |
| Segment | SAM (open-vocab) / Mask2Former |
| Depth | Depth Anything V2 |
| Pose | MediaPipe / ViTPose |
| Track | ByteTrack |
| OCR | PaddleOCR / GPT-4V |
| Zero-shot | CLIP / SigLIP |
| Generate | Stable Diffusion / Flux |
| Edge | YOLOv8n / MobileNetV4 |
| Foundation feature | DINOv2 |
**기본값**: 매 task-specific SOTA + 매 CLIP / SAM 의 zero-shot fallback.
## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[AI]] · [[Deep Learning]]
- 변형: [[CNN]] · [[ViT]] · [[CLIP]] · [[SAM]] · [[MAE]]
- 응용: [[Object-Detection]] · [[Bounding-Box-Regression]] · [[Automated_Mapping]] · [[Autonomous Vehicles]] · [[Algorithmic-Biology]]
- Adjacent: [[Diffusion-Models]] · [[CV_Synthesis]]
## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 매 vision task. 매 multimodal product. 매 image search. 매 autonomous system.
**언제 X**: 매 audio / pure text. 매 1D signal.
## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Custom CNN from scratch (small data)**: 매 pretrain 의 use.
- **No augmentation**: 매 generalization X.
- **ImageNet only eval**: 매 distribution shift.
- **No domain adapt**: 매 medical / satellite 의 weak.
- **Single model for all task**: 매 specialized 의 better.
## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (ImageNet, ViT, CLIP, SAM papers).
- 신뢰도 A.
- Related: [[CLIP]] · [[Bounding-Box-Regression]] · [[Automated_Mapping]] · [[Autonomous Vehicles]] · [[CV_Synthesis]] · [[Algorithmic-Biology]].
## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — task taxonomy + history + 매 ViT / YOLO / SAM / Depth / CLIP / GPT-4V code |