docs(10_Wiki): 위키 전체 재구성 — Topic_* 폴더를 4개 카테고리로 통합 + 대규모 중복 제거

Topic_Agent/Topic_Blog/Topics/Topics_Biz/Topics_Meeting/Topics_Rag의 마크다운 지식 문서를
Topic_General/Topic_Programming/Topic_Graphic/Topic_Business 4개 카테고리로 재분류.

- 중복 제거: frontmatter의 status:duplicate/merged + duplicate_of/redirect_to 필드로
  자기 자신을 중복으로 선언한 리다이렉트 stub 1032개 제거, 완전 동일 내용 파일 472개 제거,
  동일 파일명·다른 내용 충돌 시 더 큰(완전한) 버전만 유지(162개 제거) — 총 1639개 중복 제거.
- 분류: 폴더 단위로 명확한 항목(AI_and_ML/Coding/Architecture 등 → Programming,
  Comfyui/Visual_Effects → Graphic, Topics_Biz/Topics_Meeting/사업 등 → Business,
  Poetic_Blog_Writing/창의성/Game_Design 등 → General)은 폴더 우선순위로,
  나머지 혼재 폴더(Topic_Agent/Topic_Blog/Topics 루트/Thinking & Reasoning/Other/UI_UX_Assets)는
  title/tags 키워드 스코어링으로 파일 단위 분류(불명확한 경우 General로 폴백).
  원본 폴더명은 "From_*" 서브폴더로 보존해 추적 가능성 유지.
- 최종 배치: Programming 2784 / General 1608 / Graphic 285 / Business 249 = 4926개 문서.
- 에이전트 운영 상태(.astra/.agent/.obsidian/sessions/memory/_company/docs/lessons/_shared/src)는
  지식 콘텐츠가 아니므로 재분류 대상에서 제외하고 원위치 유지.
- Topics/Topic_email(상위 보호 폴더 Topic_email과 파일명 100% 중복) 삭제 — 보호 폴더 자체는 미변경.
- 완전히 비게 된 Topic_Agent/Topic_Blog/Topics_Biz/Topics_Rag 폴더 제거.
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---
id: wiki-2026-0508-markov-random-fields
title: Markov Random Fields
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [MRF, Undirected Graphical Model, Markov Network, Gibbs Random Field]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [machine-learning, probability, graphical-model, vision, statistics]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
language: Python
framework: PyTorch/NetworkX
---
# Markov Random Fields
## 매 한 줄
> **"매 undirected graph 의 joint distribution — local Markov property 의 satisfy"**. 매 Bayes net 의 directed counterpart — 매 conditional independence 의 graph separation 으로 read. HammersleyClifford (1971) 의 Gibbs distribution 의 equivalence — 2026 매 image segmentation, CRF, energy-based model (EBM) 의 underlie.
## 매 핵심
### 매 정의
- **Graph** $G = (V, E)$, 매 node 의 random variable $X_v$.
- **Local Markov**: $X_v \perp X_{V \setminus N[v]} \mid X_{N(v)}$ — 매 node 의 neighbors 의 condition 시 의 rest 의 independent.
- **HammersleyClifford**: 매 strictly positive joint 의 매 Gibbs form $P(x) = \frac{1}{Z} \prod_{C \in \mathcal{C}} \psi_C(x_C)$ — 매 clique 의 product.
- **Partition function**: $Z = \sum_x \prod_C \psi_C(x_C)$ — 매 intractable in general.
### 매 inference
- **Exact**: tree (sum-product / belief propagation).
- **Loopy BP**: 매 approximate, 매 often works.
- **MCMC**: Gibbs sampling — 매 conditional 의 sample 매 cycle.
- **Variational**: mean-field — 매 factorized $q(x) = \prod_v q_v(x_v)$.
- **Graph cut**: 매 binary submodular — 매 exact min-cut.
### 매 응용
1. Image segmentation (foreground/background MRF).
2. Conditional Random Fields (CRF) — sequence labeling.
3. Stereo / depth estimation (smoothness prior).
4. Energy-based generative models (EBMs).
5. Statistical physics (Ising, Potts).
## 💻 패턴
### Ising model — Gibbs sampling
```python
import numpy as np
def ising_gibbs(N=64, beta=0.44, steps=10_000, h=0.0):
spins = np.random.choice([-1, 1], size=(N, N))
for _ in range(steps):
i, j = np.random.randint(N, size=2)
nb = (spins[(i+1)%N, j] + spins[(i-1)%N, j]
+ spins[i, (j+1)%N] + spins[i, (j-1)%N])
dE = 2 * spins[i, j] * (beta * nb + h)
if dE < 0 or np.random.random() < np.exp(-dE):
spins[i, j] *= -1
return spins
```
### Loopy belief propagation (binary pairwise)
```python
def loopy_bp(unary, pairwise, edges, iters=20):
# unary[v] : log-potential per node, shape (V, K)
# pairwise : (E, K, K) log-potentials
# edges : list of (u, v)
msg = {(u, v): np.zeros(unary.shape[1]) for u, v in edges}
msg.update({(v, u): np.zeros(unary.shape[1]) for u, v in edges})
for _ in range(iters):
new = {}
for (u, v), e_idx in zip(edges, range(len(edges))):
incoming = unary[u] + sum(msg[(w, u)] for w in neighbors(u) if w != v)
new[(u, v)] = np.logaddexp.reduce(
pairwise[e_idx] + incoming[:, None], axis=0)
new[(u, v)] -= new[(u, v)].max() # normalize
msg.update(new)
beliefs = np.array([
unary[v] + sum(msg[(u, v)] for u in neighbors(v))
for v in range(len(unary))])
return beliefs
```
### Linear-chain CRF (PyTorch — sequence labeling)
```python
import torch, torch.nn as nn
class LinearChainCRF(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, n_tags):
super().__init__()
self.trans = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(n_tags, n_tags))
def log_partition(self, emissions): # (T, K)
T, K = emissions.shape
alpha = emissions[0]
for t in range(1, T):
alpha = torch.logsumexp(
alpha[:, None] + self.trans + emissions[t][None, :], dim=0)
return torch.logsumexp(alpha, dim=0)
def score(self, emissions, tags):
s = emissions[0, tags[0]]
for t in range(1, len(tags)):
s = s + self.trans[tags[t-1], tags[t]] + emissions[t, tags[t]]
return s
def nll(self, emissions, tags):
return self.log_partition(emissions) - self.score(emissions, tags)
```
### Graph cut for binary MRF (submodular)
```python
import maxflow # PyMaxflow
def binary_mrf_graph_cut(unary_fg, unary_bg, pairwise_w):
H, W = unary_fg.shape
g = maxflow.Graph[float]()
nodes = g.add_grid_nodes((H, W))
g.add_grid_edges(nodes, pairwise_w) # smoothness
g.add_grid_tedges(nodes, unary_fg, unary_bg) # data term
g.maxflow()
return g.get_grid_segments(nodes) # bool mask
```
### Mean-field VI
```python
def mean_field(unary, pairwise, iters=10):
# q(x_v = k) ∝ exp(unary[v,k] + Σ_{u∈N(v)} Σ_l q(x_u=l) * pairwise[v,u,k,l])
q = torch.softmax(unary, dim=-1)
for _ in range(iters):
msg = torch.einsum('uvkl,ul->vk', pairwise, q)
q = torch.softmax(unary + msg, dim=-1)
return q
```
## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| Tree-structured | Sum-product (exact) |
| Loopy graph, fast | Loopy BP |
| Loopy graph, accurate | MCMC (Gibbs) — slower |
| Binary submodular | Graph cut (exact min-cut) |
| Sequence labeling (NER) | Linear-chain CRF |
| Image segmentation | Pairwise MRF + α-expansion / DenseCRF |
| Modern generative | Energy-Based Model (EBM) — score matching |
**기본값**: smallest model 의 first — chain → tree → loopy + BP → MCMC.
## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Probabilistic Graphical Models]] · [[Probability Theory]]
- 응용: [[Image Segmentation]] · [[Energy-Based Model]]
- Adjacent: [[Bayesian Network]]
## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: clique factorization 의 derive, BP/Gibbs pseudocode, partition-function intractability 의 explain.
**언제 X**: 매 specific paper algorithm — original 의 의 cross-check.
## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Bayes net 의 mental model 의 reuse**: 매 directionality 의 X — separation criterion 매 different.
- **Computing $Z$ for large graph**: 매 #P-hard — variational / MCMC.
- **Loopy BP on tightly-loopy graph**: 매 may diverge — damping 의 try, MCMC 의 fallback.
- **Linear-chain CRF 의 LSTM 으로 always replace**: 매 small data 의 still wins, 매 calibration 의 better.
- **Mean-field 의 multimodal posterior 의 use**: 매 mode-seeking — 매 underestimate variance.
## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Hammersley & Clifford 1971; Koller & Friedman _PGM_ 2009; Murphy _PML_ 2022).
- 신뢰도 A.
## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — MRF basics + BP/CRF/graph-cut 정리 |