[G1-Sync] Manual knowledge update

2026-05-10 22:08:15 +09:00
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+---
+id: backend-edge-runtime-deep
+title: Edge Runtime — Workers / Deno Deploy / Vercel Edge
+category: Coding
+status: draft
+source_trust_level: B
+verification_status: conceptual
+created_at: 2026-05-09
+updated_at: 2026-05-09
+tags: [backend, edge, vibe-coding]
+tech_stack: { language: "TS", applicable_to: ["Backend"] }
+applied_in: []
+aliases: [Cloudflare Workers, Deno Deploy, Vercel Edge, edge function, V8 isolates, low latency global]
+---
+
+# Edge Runtime Deep
+
+> Lambda 보다 빠른, region 가 가까운. **Cloudflare Workers (V8), Deno Deploy, Vercel Edge, AWS Lambda@Edge**.
+
+## 📖 핵심 개념
+- V8 isolate: Lambda 보다 작은 (5ms cold start).
+- 200+ city deploy.
+- Web standard API (Fetch, Crypto).
+- Stateless (state 가 KV / D1).
+
+## 💻 코드 패턴
+
+### Cloudflare Workers
+```ts
+export default {
+  async fetch(req: Request, env: Env, ctx: ExecutionContext) {
+    return new Response('Hello from edge');
+  },
+};
+```
+
+```bash
+npx wrangler deploy
+```
+
+### Hono on Workers
+```ts
+import { Hono } from 'hono';
+
+const app = new Hono();
+app.get('/', (c) => c.text('Hello'));
+app.get('/users/:id', (c) => c.json({ id: c.req.param('id') }));
+
+export default app;
+```
+
+→ Express 비슷. 작은 (10 KB).
+
+### KV (Workers)
+```ts
+const value = await env.MY_KV.get('key');
+await env.MY_KV.put('key', JSON.stringify(data), { expirationTtl: 3600 });
+```
+
+→ Eventually consistent. Edge 친화 (1 sec global propagation).
+
+### D1 (SQLite at edge)
+```ts
+const r = await env.DB.prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?').bind(id).first();
+```
+
+→ SQLite. 최신 read 만 region (write 가 1 region).
+
+### R2 (S3-compatible)
+```ts
+await env.MY_BUCKET.put('file.jpg', buffer);
+const obj = await env.MY_BUCKET.get('file.jpg');
+```
+
+→ Egress 무료.
+
+### Durable Objects (stateful)
+```ts
+export class Counter {
+  state: DurableObjectState;
+  
+  constructor(state: DurableObjectState) {
+    this.state = state;
+  }
+  
+  async fetch(req: Request) {
+    let count = await this.state.storage.get<number>('count') ?? 0;
+    count++;
+    await this.state.storage.put('count', count);
+    return new Response(String(count));
+  }
+}
+
+// Worker
+const id = env.COUNTER.idFromName('global');
+const obj = env.COUNTER.get(id);
+const r = await obj.fetch(req);
+```
+
+→ Stateful + globally addressable. Chat / game.
+
+### Hyperdrive (DB pool)
+```toml
+[[hyperdrive]]
+binding = 'HYPERDRIVE'
+id = '...'
+```
+
+```ts
+import postgres from 'postgres';
+const sql = postgres(env.HYPERDRIVE.connectionString);
+const users = await sql`SELECT * FROM users`;
+```
+
+→ Edge 가 Postgres 직접. Pool / cache 자동.
+
+### Deno Deploy
+```ts
+Deno.serve((req) => new Response('Hello'));
+```
+
+```bash
+deno deploy --project=my-app main.ts
+```
+
+### Vercel Edge
+```ts
+// app/api/hello/route.ts
+export const runtime = 'edge';
+
+export async function GET(req: Request) {
+  return new Response('Hello');
+}
+```
+
+### Bun
+```ts
+Bun.serve({
+  port: 3000,
+  fetch(req) {
+    return new Response('Hello');
+  },
+});
+```
+
+→ Self-host. Edge 가 아님 (single region).
+
+### Limits
+```
+Cloudflare Workers:
+- 1 MB code (50 MB free plan).
+- 10 ms CPU (free), 30 sec (paid).
+- 128 MB memory.
+- No Node API (npm 일부).
+
+Lambda@Edge:
+- 1 MB code.
+- 5 sec timeout.
+- 128 MB.
+
+Deno Deploy:
+- 다른 limits.
+```
+
+→ Lambda 보다 strict.
+
+### Web standards
+```ts
+// fetch, crypto, URL, Headers, Response
+const r = await fetch(url);
+const hash = await crypto.subtle.digest('SHA-256', data);
+const u = new URL('https://example.com/path?x=1');
+```
+
+→ Browser-compatible. Node 만 안 됨.
+
+### Node compat (CF)
+```toml
+compatibility_flags = ['nodejs_compat']
+```
+
+```ts
+import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+// → 일부 Node API.
+```
+
+→ 점진적 추가.
+
+### Cold start
+```
+Workers: 5 ms (V8 isolate).
+Lambda: 200-1000 ms (container).
+Deno Deploy: ~10 ms.
+
+→ Edge 가 훨씬 빠름.
+```
+
+### Deploy
+```bash
+# Workers
+wrangler deploy
+
+# Vercel
+vercel --prod
+
+# Deno
+deno deploy
+```
+
+→ Atomic, global, secs.
+
+### Routing
+```
+Cloudflare:
+my-app.example.com/* → worker.
+
+Vercel:
+/api/* → edge function.
+```
+
+### Observability
+```ts
+console.log('processed');
+// → Wrangler tail / Workers Analytics.
+```
+
+→ Production 의 Datadog / Sentry 통합.
+
+### Rate limit
+```ts
+// Cloudflare Rate Limiting Rule (Dashboard).
+// 또는 Worker:
+const ip = req.headers.get('cf-connecting-ip');
+const key = `rl:${ip}`;
+const count = await env.KV.get(key);
+if (Number(count) > 100) return new Response('Rate limit', { status: 429 });
+await env.KV.put(key, String(Number(count ?? 0) + 1), { expirationTtl: 60 });
+```
+
+### Cron (Workers)
+```toml
+[triggers]
+crons = ['0 9 * * *']
+```
+
+```ts
+export default {
+  async scheduled(event, env, ctx) {
+    await dailyJob();
+  },
+};
+```
+
+### Queue (Workers)
+```ts
+// Producer
+await env.MY_QUEUE.send({ taskId: '...' });
+
+// Consumer
+export default {
+  async queue(batch, env) {
+    for (const msg of batch.messages) {
+      await process(msg.body);
+    }
+  },
+};
+```
+
+→ Edge 의 message queue.
+
+### WebSocket (Workers + DO)
+```ts
+class ChatRoom extends DurableObject {
+  async fetch(req: Request) {
+    if (req.headers.get('upgrade') === 'websocket') {
+      const pair = new WebSocketPair();
+      this.handleSession(pair[1]);
+      return new Response(null, { status: 101, webSocket: pair[0] });
+    }
+  }
+  
+  handleSession(ws: WebSocket) {
+    ws.accept();
+    ws.addEventListener('message', (e) => {
+      // ...
+    });
+  }
+}
+```
+
+→ Real-time chat at edge.
+
+### Cost
+```
+Cloudflare Workers Free:
+- 100k req / day.
+- $5 / month for 10M.
+
+Vercel Edge:
+- 1M / month free.
+- $20 / month after.
+
+Deno Deploy:
+- 1M / month free.
+
+→ Edge 가 traditional Lambda 보다 cheap (volume).
+```
+
+### Use case
+```
+- API gateway / proxy.
+- Auth (verify JWT, OIDC).
+- Rate limit / WAF.
+- Image transform (CF Image, Vercel Image).
+- A/B test routing.
+- Static site (Pages).
+- Realtime (DO + WS).
+- AI inference (Cloudflare Workers AI).
+```
+
+### Cloudflare Workers AI
+```ts
+const r = await env.AI.run('@cf/meta/llama-3-8b-instruct', {
+  prompt: 'Hello',
+});
+```
+
+→ Edge 의 LLM. 작은 model.
+
+### vs Lambda
+```
+Lambda: 더 mature, 큰 ecosystem, 모든 language.
+Edge: 빠름, 작은, 가벼운.
+
+→ Heavy compute = Lambda.
+HTTP / 작은 = Edge.
+```
+
+### Limits 의 함정
+```
+- Long task (>30 sec) = timeout.
+- Big bundle = limit.
+- Native module = 안 됨.
+- 큰 file (100 MB+) = R2.
+- Persistent connection = DO.
+```
+
+### When?
+```
+✓ Global low-latency.
+✓ 작은 / simple logic.
+✓ Auth proxy.
+✓ A/B routing.
+
+✗ Heavy compute (ML training).
+✗ Long-running (>5 min).
+✗ Complex Node app.
+```
+
+## 🤔 의사결정 기준
+| 작업 | 추천 |
+|---|---|
+| Auth gateway | Cloudflare Workers |
+| Vercel + Next | Edge function |
+| Deno-native | Deno Deploy |
+| Stateful | DO |
+| DB pool at edge | Hyperdrive / Neon HTTP |
+| Local dev | wrangler dev / bun |
+| Heavy compute | Lambda / VM |
+
+## ❌ 안티패턴
+- **Big bundle**: limit.
+- **Long task**: timeout.
+- **Persistent connection (no DO)**: 깨짐.
+- **State in worker memory**: lost.
+- **Heavy compute**: timeout.
+- **Node-only API**: 안 됨.
+- **Per-request DB connection**: pool 폭발.
+
+## 🤖 LLM 활용 힌트
+- Cloudflare Workers + Hono = 가장 modern.
+- DO 가 stateful.
+- Hyperdrive 가 DB pool.
+- Web standards (fetch, crypto) only.
+
+## 🔗 관련 문서
+- [[Backend_Edge_Functions]]
+- [[Backend_Hono_Modern]]
+- [[DB_Serverless_Edge]]