---
id: wiki-2026-0508-lazy-loading-strategies
title: Lazy Loading Strategies
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Lazy Load, Deferred Loading, On-Demand Loading]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [frontend, performance, web, react, intersection-observer]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: typescript
  framework: react
---

# Lazy Loading Strategies

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 필요한 순간에만 로드"**. 초기 bundle/네트워크 비용을 줄여 LCP, TTI 개선. Image, route, component, data 모두 적용 가능.

## 매 핵심

### 매 4가지 layer
1. **Image lazy loading**: `loading="lazy"`, IntersectionObserver, blur placeholder.
2. **Code splitting**: dynamic `import()`, route-based, component-based.
3. **Data lazy loading**: virtual scroll, infinite scroll, pagination.
4. **Resource hints**: `prefetch`, `preload`, priority hints.

### 매 트리거
- viewport 진입 (IntersectionObserver).
- user interaction (click, hover).
- idle (`requestIdleCallback`).
- route navigation.

### 매 측정
- **LCP**: Largest Contentful Paint < 2.5s.
- **CLS**: lazy image 로 인한 layout shift 방지 (width/height 명시).
- **JS bundle size**: route 별 < 200KB gzip 권장.

## 💻 패턴

### Native image lazy
```html
<img src="hero.jpg" loading="lazy" decoding="async"
     width="1200" height="630" alt="..." />
```

### IntersectionObserver (커스텀)
```typescript
const io = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
  entries.forEach(e => {
    if (e.isIntersecting) {
      const img = e.target as HTMLImageElement;
      img.src = img.dataset.src!;
      io.unobserve(img);
    }
  });
}, { rootMargin: "200px" });

document.querySelectorAll("img[data-src]").forEach(img => io.observe(img));
```

### React.lazy + Suspense (route)
```tsx
import { lazy, Suspense } from "react";
const Settings = lazy(() => import("./pages/Settings"));

<Suspense fallback={<Spinner />}>
  <Routes>
    <Route path="/settings" element={<Settings />} />
  </Routes>
</Suspense>
```

### Dynamic import on interaction
```tsx
function ChartButton() {
  const [Chart, setChart] = useState<React.FC | null>(null);
  return (
    <>
      <button onClick={async () => {
        const m = await import("./HeavyChart");
        setChart(() => m.default);
      }}>Show chart</button>
      {Chart && <Chart />}
    </>
  );
}
```

### Virtual scrolling (TanStack Virtual)
```tsx
import { useVirtualizer } from "@tanstack/react-virtual";

const v = useVirtualizer({
  count: items.length,
  getScrollElement: () => parentRef.current,
  estimateSize: () => 48,
  overscan: 5,
});
return v.getVirtualItems().map(vi => (
  <div key={vi.key} style={{ transform: `translateY(${vi.start}px)` }}>
    {items[vi.index].name}
  </div>
));
```

### React Query infinite scroll
```tsx
const q = useInfiniteQuery({
  queryKey: ["posts"],
  queryFn: ({ pageParam = 0 }) => fetch(`/api?cursor=${pageParam}`).then(r => r.json()),
  getNextPageParam: (last) => last.nextCursor,
});
```

### Idle-time prefetch
```typescript
if ("requestIdleCallback" in window) {
  requestIdleCallback(() => import("./LikelyNextRoute"));
}
```

### Next.js dynamic
```tsx
import dynamic from "next/dynamic";
const Map = dynamic(() => import("./Map"), { ssr: false, loading: () => <p>...</p> });
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 자원 | 전략 |
|---|---|
| Above-the-fold image | eager + preload |
| Below-the-fold image | `loading="lazy"` |
| 큰 third-party (chart, map) | dynamic import on demand |
| Route component | route-based code split |
| 1만+ list rows | virtual scroll |
| 다음에 갈 가능성 큰 route | idle prefetch |

**기본값**: native `loading="lazy"` for img, `React.lazy` for routes, virtual scroll > 200 rows.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Web-Performance]]
- 변형: [[Code Splitting]], [[Infinite-Scroll]]
- Adjacent: [[IntersectionObserver]], [[Suspense]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 페이지에 heavy component 가 conditional 로 필요, 큰 list, 이미지 많은 페이지.
**언제 X**: above-the-fold critical content, SEO-critical content (SSR 으로 처리).

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **모든 것을 lazy**: critical hero image 까지 lazy → LCP 악화.
- **width/height 누락**: lazy image 로딩 후 layout shift (CLS↑).
- **Suspense fallback 부재**: blank flash.
- **Interaction-block lazy**: 클릭하면 1초 fetch → ux 나쁨, idle prefetch 병행.
- **Spinner 남발**: skeleton/blur placeholder 가 체감 좋음.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- web.dev "Lazy loading", MDN IntersectionObserver, React docs (lazy/Suspense).
- TanStack Virtual, Next.js dynamic 공식 문서.
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — image/route/data 4 layer, IntersectionObserver/React.lazy/virtual 패턴 |
