---
id: wiki-2026-0508-description-logics
title: Description Logics
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [P-REINFORCE-AUTO-088907, DL, ALC, SROIQ]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.92
verification_status: applied
tags: [logic, knowledge-representation, ontology, owl, semantic-web]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: python
  framework: owlready2+hermit
---

# Description Logics

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 decidable fragment of first-order logic"**. 매 Description Logics (DL) 은 concept (class), role (property), individual 을 formal language 로 표현하여 ontology reasoning 의 mathematical foundation. 매 OWL 2 (Web Ontology Language) 는 SROIQ(D) DL 의 syntactic dialect — 매 2026 의 Knowledge Graph + LLM grounding 의 backbone.

## 매 핵심

### 매 DL family (expressivity)
- **AL** (Attributive Language): atomic concept, conjunction, universal restriction.
- **ALC**: AL + full negation. 매 baseline.
- **ALCN**: ALC + cardinality.
- **SHIQ**: + role hierarchy, inverse role, qualified cardinality.
- **SROIQ**: SHIQ + role chain, self-restriction, nominal — OWL 2 DL 의 base.

### 매 reasoning task
- **Subsumption**: C ⊑ D (concept inclusion).
- **Consistency**: ontology 의 모순 검증.
- **Instance check**: a ∈ C.
- **Classification**: 전체 concept hierarchy 의 compute.
- **Realization**: 매 individual 의 most-specific class.

### 매 응용
1. Biomedical ontology (SNOMED CT, GO) — drug-disease reasoning.
2. Knowledge graph 의 schema validation (Wikidata, Schema.org).
3. LLM grounding — RAG 의 ontology-constrained retrieval.
4. Configuration management — feature compatibility reasoning.

## 💻 패턴

### 패턴 1: ALC concept 정의 (Owlready2)
```python
from owlready2 import *

onto = get_ontology("http://example.org/family.owl")

with onto:
    class Person(Thing): pass
    class Parent(Person): pass
    class hasChild(Person >> Person): pass

    class Mother(Parent):
        equivalent_to = [Parent & ~onto.search(is_a=onto.Male)[0]]
        # ALC: Mother ≡ Parent ⊓ ¬Male
```

### 패턴 2: SROIQ role chain (grandparent)
```python
with onto:
    class hasGrandchild(Person >> Person):
        # role chain: hasChild ∘ hasChild ⊑ hasGrandchild
        property_chain = [[hasChild, hasChild]]
```

### 패턴 3: Reasoner 실행 (HermiT)
```python
from owlready2 import sync_reasoner_hermit

with onto:
    sync_reasoner_hermit(infer_property_values=True)

# inferred axioms inspect
for cls in onto.classes():
    print(cls, "⊑", cls.is_a)
```

### 패턴 4: Tableau algorithm (mini ALC)
```python
def alc_satisfiable(concept, world=None):
    """Naive tableau for ALC C ⊓ ¬C unsatisfiability check."""
    world = world or {"individuals": {}, "constraints": []}
    if concept[0] == "AND":
        for sub in concept[1:]:
            if not alc_satisfiable(sub, world):
                return False
        return True
    if concept[0] == "NOT":
        atom = concept[1]
        if ("ATOM", atom) in world["constraints"]:
            return False  # clash
        world["constraints"].append(("NOT_ATOM", atom))
        return True
    if concept[0] == "ATOM":
        if ("NOT_ATOM", concept[1]) in world["constraints"]:
            return False
        world["constraints"].append(("ATOM", concept[1]))
        return True
    # ∃R.C, ∀R.C handled by spawning fresh individual ...
```

### 패턴 5: SPARQL over OWL inference
```sparql
PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
PREFIX :    <http://example.org/family#>

SELECT ?gp ?gc WHERE {
  ?gp :hasGrandchild ?gc .  # inferred via property_chain
}
```

### 패턴 6: LLM-grounded ontology query
```python
import anthropic
from owlready2 import get_ontology

client = anthropic.Anthropic()
onto = get_ontology("./family.owl").load()

def grounded_answer(question: str) -> str:
    classes = [c.name for c in onto.classes()]
    response = client.messages.create(
        model="claude-opus-4-7-20260301",
        max_tokens=512,
        system=f"Use only these ontology classes: {classes}. Answer with class names.",
        messages=[{"role": "user", "content": question}]
    )
    return response.content[0].text
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| Web ontology / Linked Data | OWL 2 DL (SROIQ) + Protégé |
| Lightweight inference | OWL 2 EL (medical) or RL (rule-based) |
| Real-time reasoning | RDFS + custom rules (avoid full DL) |
| Research / proof-of-concept | ALC + custom tableau |
| Fact-heavy KG (Wikidata) | SHACL validation > full DL reasoning |
| LLM grounding | EL/RL profile + SPARQL |

**기본값**: OWL 2 EL (tractable PTIME) + HermiT/ELK reasoner.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Logic]] · [[Knowledge Representation]]
- Adjacent: [[Knowledge Graphs]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: ontology design review, axiom suggestion, SPARQL 생성, RAG 의 ontology-grounded prompt.
**언제 X**: 매 reasoning soundness 의 결정 — DL reasoner (HermiT, ELK) 의 영역. LLM 은 hint only.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Open-world misunderstanding**: 매 absent fact 가 false 라 가정 — DL 은 OWA (open world).
- **Unique Name Assumption 가정**: 매 individual a ≠ b 자동 아님 — `differentFrom` 명시 필요.
- **Undecidable extension**: 매 SROIQ 의 추가 expressivity (full datatype reasoning) → 결정불가.
- **Reasoner 없이 inference**: 매 axiom 만 작성 + 매 reasoner 미실행 → no inferred triples.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Baader et al. "DL Handbook", W3C OWL 2 spec, Owlready2 docs).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — substantive content + 2026 stack (Owlready2, HermiT, LLM grounding) |
