---
id: wiki-2026-0508-rouge-metrics
title: ROUGE Metrics
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [ROUGE, ROUGE-1, ROUGE-2, ROUGE-L, Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [nlp, evaluation, summarization, metric]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: python
  framework: rouge-score
---

# ROUGE Metrics

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 n-gram overlap recall 의 summary"**. Lin 2004 의 summarization eval 의 classic. 매 R-1 (unigram), R-2 (bigram), R-L (longest common subsequence) 의 trio. 2026 현재 매 still-default reference baseline, 매 supplemented by BERTScore / BARTScore / LLM-judge for semantic eval.

## 매 핵심

### 매 ROUGE variants
- **ROUGE-N**: n-gram overlap recall. R-1 (unigram), R-2 (bigram).
- **ROUGE-L**: Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) — 매 capture sentence-level structure, allow gap.
- **ROUGE-W**: weighted LCS (consecutive 의 prefer).
- **ROUGE-S / ROUGE-SU**: skip-bigram (with unigram) — 매 capture skip patterns.
- **ROUGE-Lsum**: 매 summary-level — sentence-tokenize 후 매 sentence 의 LCS sum.

### 매 formula
- Recall = matches / |reference n-grams|
- Precision = matches / |candidate n-grams|
- F1 = 2·P·R / (P+R)
- 매 original paper 의 recall focused, 매 modern usage 의 F1 reported.

### 매 vs BLEU
- BLEU: precision-oriented, machine translation. ROUGE: recall-oriented, summarization.
- BLEU 의 brevity penalty, ROUGE 의 X (recall handles).
- BLEU 의 corpus-level geometric mean, ROUGE 의 typically per-example.

### 매 limitations
- 매 surface-level: synonym / paraphrase 의 penalize.
- 매 fluency / factuality 의 capture X.
- 매 tokenization sensitivity (BPE vs word).
- 매 reference-dependent: 1 reference 의 high variance.

### 매 응용
1. Summarization eval (CNN/DM, XSum, Gigaword).
2. Long-doc summarization (arXiv, GovReport, BookSum 2026).
3. RAG answer eval (vs gold answer).
4. LLM eval reporting (still common alongside BERTScore + LLM-judge).

## 💻 패턴

### rouge-score basic
```python
from rouge_score import rouge_scorer

scorer = rouge_scorer.RougeScorer(
    ["rouge1", "rouge2", "rougeL", "rougeLsum"],
    use_stemmer=True,
)
ref = "the cat sat on the mat in the morning"
hyp = "a cat was sitting on the mat"
scores = scorer.score(ref, hyp)
# {'rouge1': Score(precision=0.71, recall=0.55, fmeasure=0.62), ...}
print(scores["rougeL"].fmeasure)
```

### HuggingFace evaluate
```python
import evaluate
rouge = evaluate.load("rouge")
results = rouge.compute(
    predictions=["the cat sat on the mat"],
    references=["a cat was sitting on the mat"],
    use_stemmer=True,
    use_aggregator=True,
)
# {'rouge1': 0.66, 'rouge2': 0.33, 'rougeL': 0.66, 'rougeLsum': 0.66}
```

### Batch eval on dataset
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
import evaluate

ds = load_dataset("cnn_dailymail", "3.0.0", split="test[:100]")
rouge = evaluate.load("rouge")

preds = [model.summarize(x["article"]) for x in ds]
refs = [x["highlights"] for x in ds]

results = rouge.compute(predictions=preds, references=refs, use_stemmer=True)
print(f"R-1: {results['rouge1']:.3f}  R-2: {results['rouge2']:.3f}  R-L: {results['rougeL']:.3f}")
```

### Tokenization-aware (multilingual)
```python
# 매 default rouge-score 의 English-only stemmer
# 매 multilingual: pre-tokenize with sentencepiece / language tokenizer
from rouge_score.tokenizers import Tokenizer

class JaTokenizer(Tokenizer):
    def tokenize(self, text):
        import fugashi
        tagger = fugashi.Tagger()
        return [w.surface for w in tagger(text)]

scorer = rouge_scorer.RougeScorer(["rouge1", "rougeL"], tokenizer=JaTokenizer())
```

### ROUGE alongside semantic metrics (2026 best practice)
```python
import evaluate
rouge = evaluate.load("rouge")
bertscore = evaluate.load("bertscore")

r = rouge.compute(predictions=preds, references=refs, use_stemmer=True)
b = bertscore.compute(predictions=preds, references=refs, lang="en", model_type="microsoft/deberta-xlarge-mnli")

print(f"R-L: {r['rougeL']:.3f}  BERTScore-F1: {sum(b['f1'])/len(b['f1']):.3f}")
```

### LLM-as-judge supplement
```python
from anthropic import Anthropic
client = Anthropic()

def judge(article, summary):
    msg = client.messages.create(
        model="claude-opus-4-7",
        max_tokens=200,
        messages=[{"role": "user", "content": f"""
Rate this summary 1-5 on faithfulness and coverage.
Article: {article}
Summary: {summary}
Output JSON: {{"faithfulness": int, "coverage": int}}
"""}],
    )
    return msg.content[0].text
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| Quick lexical baseline | ROUGE-1 + ROUGE-L F1 |
| Summarization paper | report R-1/R-2/R-L all |
| Semantic eval needed | BERTScore + ROUGE both |
| Factuality matters | LLM-judge or QAGS, not ROUGE |
| Multilingual | language-specific tokenizer 의 plug |
| Production monitoring | ROUGE-L + BERTScore + sample LLM-judge |

**기본값**: 매 ROUGE-L F1 + ROUGE-1 F1 의 report, 매 supplement BERTScore for semantic, 매 LLM-judge for nuance. 매 ROUGE alone 의 1980-style — 2026 의 multi-metric.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Summarization]]
- 변형: [[ROUGE-L]]
- Adjacent: [[LLM-as-Judge]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: write eval scripts, explain ROUGE variants, generate reference summaries for testing.
**언제 X**: as the metric itself — 매 ROUGE 의 deterministic, no LLM needed. 매 use LLM-judge as separate complementary metric.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **ROUGE-only eval**: synonym 의 penalize, miss semantic equivalence.
- **No stemming**: "running" vs "runs" 의 false negative.
- **Single reference**: high variance, prefer multi-reference (CNN/DM 의 1, but XSum 의 1, GovReport 의 1 — limitation).
- **ROUGE for QA / dialog**: 매 not summarization-shaped — use task-specific metric.
- **ROUGE for factuality**: 매 ROUGE 의 surface-only, 매 hallucinated summary 의 still high R if word-overlap.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Lin 2004 ACL "ROUGE: A Package for Automatic Evaluation of Summaries", rouge-score 0.1.x, HF evaluate 2026).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — ROUGE variants, rouge-score patterns, 2026 multi-metric guidance |
