---
id: backend-connection-handling
title: Connection Handling — Pool / Reuse / Timeout
category: Coding
status: draft
source_trust_level: B
verification_status: conceptual
created_at: 2026-05-09
updated_at: 2026-05-09
tags: [backend, connection, pool, vibe-coding]
tech_stack: { language: "TS", applicable_to: ["Backend"] }
applied_in: []
aliases: [HTTP keep-alive, agent, pgbouncer, connection pool, idle timeout, EADDRINUSE]
---

# Connection Handling

> 매 request 새 connection = 느림 + resource. **Pool + keep-alive + 적절 timeout**. Database / HTTP / Redis / TCP 모두 적용. Lambda / serverless 는 다른 패턴.

## 📖 핵심 개념
- Pool: 미리 N 개 connection 보관.
- Keep-alive: 같은 conn 다중 request.
- Idle timeout: 안 쓰면 close.
- Acquire timeout: pool exhausted 시 wait.

## 💻 코드 패턴

### HTTP keep-alive (Node fetch)
```ts
import { Agent } from 'undici';

const agent = new Agent({
  keepAliveTimeout: 60_000,
  keepAliveMaxTimeout: 600_000,
  connections: 100,  // per host
  pipelining: 10,
});

import { fetch as undiciFetch } from 'undici';
const r = await undiciFetch('https://api.example.com', { dispatcher: agent });
```

→ 매 request 가 같은 TCP 재사용.

### Native fetch (Node 18+)
```ts
// 자동 keep-alive (default).
// 그러나 default agent — 작은 limit.
// 큰 throughput = undici Agent.
```

### Postgres pool (pg)
```ts
import { Pool } from 'pg';

const pool = new Pool({
  connectionString: process.env.DB_URL,
  max: 20,                              // max connections
  min: 2,                               // 항상 ready
  idleTimeoutMillis: 30_000,            // 30s 후 close
  connectionTimeoutMillis: 5_000,       // 5s acquire timeout
  statement_timeout: 30_000,            // 30s query timeout
  query_timeout: 30_000,
  application_name: 'my-app',
});

// 사용
const client = await pool.connect();
try {
  const r = await client.query('SELECT * FROM users');
} finally {
  client.release();
}

// 또는 단일 query
const r = await pool.query('SELECT * FROM users');
```

### Postgres pool — Drizzle / Prisma
```ts
// Drizzle
import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/node-postgres';
const db = drizzle(pool);

// Prisma
const prisma = new PrismaClient({
  datasources: { db: { url: process.env.DB_URL } },
});
// Prisma 자체 pool 관리 — connection_limit URL param
// postgresql://...?connection_limit=20
```

### PgBouncer (외부 connection pool)
```ini
# pgbouncer.ini
[databases]
app = host=primary-db port=5432 dbname=app

[pgbouncer]
pool_mode = transaction       # transaction / session / statement
max_client_conn = 1000        # client → pgbouncer
default_pool_size = 25        # pgbouncer → DB
reserve_pool_size = 5
server_idle_timeout = 600
```

→ 1000 client → 25 DB connection. PG 의 connection limit 회피.

### Pool 크기 결정
```
규칙:
max = (CPU cores × 2) + effective_spindles
일반 DB: 10-30 connections per app instance
큰 cluster: pgbouncer 로 multiplexing

너무 큼: DB OOM, lock contention
너무 적음: queue 늘어남, 502
```

### Acquire timeout 처리
```ts
try {
  const client = await pool.connect();
  // ...
} catch (e) {
  if (e.message.includes('connection terminated')) {
    // DB down — circuit breaker
  }
  if (e.code === 'ETIMEDOUT') {
    // Pool exhausted — overload
    return res.status(503).end();
  }
  throw e;
}
```

### Connection leak detection
```ts
// 모든 connection 사용 중 + acquire 무한 wait
pool.on('error', (err, client) => {
  log.error('pool error', err);
});

// 주기적 stats
setInterval(() => {
  log.info('pool stats', {
    total: pool.totalCount,
    idle: pool.idleCount,
    waiting: pool.waitingCount,
  });
}, 30_000);
```

→ waiting > 0 자주 = pool 부족 / leak.

### Lambda / serverless 패턴
```
Lambda 매 invocation = 새 container 가능.
→ Pool 의 의미 적음.

해결:
1. Connection 가까이 — RDS Proxy / Hyperdrive (CF)
2. HTTP 기반 DB driver (Neon, Supabase)
3. 재사용 (warm container)
```

```ts
// Lambda — global scope (warm reuse)
import { Pool } from 'pg';

let pool: Pool | null = null;

export const handler = async (event) => {
  if (!pool) pool = new Pool({ max: 1, ...config });
  
  const r = await pool.query('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1', [event.id]);
  return r.rows[0];
};
```

→ Same container 재사용 시 pool 재사용.

### Neon / Supabase HTTP driver
```ts
import { neon } from '@neondatabase/serverless';
const sql = neon(process.env.DATABASE_URL);

const users = await sql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ${id}`;
```

→ HTTP — connection pool 불필요. Edge / serverless 친화.

### Redis pool
```ts
import Redis from 'ioredis';

const redis = new Redis({
  host: 'redis',
  port: 6379,
  maxRetriesPerRequest: 3,
  enableReadyCheck: true,
  lazyConnect: false,
  // 자동 connection pool — 한 instance OK
});

// Cluster
const cluster = new Redis.Cluster([{ host: 'r1' }, { host: 'r2' }], {
  scaleReads: 'slave',
});
```

### MySQL pool (mysql2)
```ts
import mysql from 'mysql2/promise';

const pool = mysql.createPool({
  host: 'db',
  user: 'app',
  database: 'app',
  connectionLimit: 20,
  queueLimit: 0,
  enableKeepAlive: true,
  keepAliveInitialDelay: 10000,
});
```

### HTTP outbound — global agent
```ts
import http from 'node:http';
import https from 'node:https';

// Default agents
http.globalAgent.keepAlive = true;
http.globalAgent.maxSockets = 100;
https.globalAgent.keepAlive = true;
https.globalAgent.maxSockets = 100;
```

### Connection retry / circuit breaker
```ts
import { CircuitBreaker } from 'opossum';

const breaker = new CircuitBreaker(async (id: string) => {
  return await fetch(`http://upstream/users/${id}`);
}, {
  timeout: 5000,
  errorThresholdPercentage: 50,
  resetTimeout: 30000,
});

const r = await breaker.fire('u1');
```

### Idle timeout 의 함정
```
NAT / load balancer 가 60s+ idle conn close.
App 의 pool idle 60s+ 면 — stale conn.

해결:
- pool idle < LB idle (e.g. 30s pool, 60s LB).
- 또는 ping every N seconds.
```

### Database connection death (zombie)
```ts
// PG 가 connection 살아있다 가정 — 사실 dead
pool.on('connect', (client) => {
  client.query('SET application_name = "my-app"');
});

// Health check 시 ping
async function checkPool() {
  try {
    await pool.query('SELECT 1');
  } catch {
    // Pool 재시작
  }
}
```

### EADDRINUSE / port 재사용
```ts
// 빠른 restart 시 port still LISTEN
server.listen(3000, () => { ... });

server.on('error', (err) => {
  if (err.code === 'EADDRINUSE') {
    log.error('port 3000 in use');
    process.exit(1);
  }
});

// SO_REUSEPORT (Linux) — 여러 process 같은 port
// Node cluster 자동.
```

### 측정
```
PostgreSQL stats:
SELECT count(*) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE state = 'active';
SELECT count(*) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE state = 'idle in transaction';
```

```ts
// App level
metrics.gauge('pool.total', pool.totalCount);
metrics.gauge('pool.idle', pool.idleCount);
metrics.gauge('pool.waiting', pool.waitingCount);
```

## 🤔 의사결정 기준
| 환경 | 추천 |
|---|---|
| 일반 server | Pool (10-30) |
| Serverless | HTTP driver / RDS Proxy |
| Edge | Neon / Hyperdrive |
| 1000+ client | PgBouncer |
| HTTP outbound | undici Agent |
| Redis | ioredis (자체 pool) |

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **매 request 새 connection**: 슬로우.
- **Pool 너무 큰 (100+)**: DB OOM.
- **Pool 너무 작은 (3)**: queue.
- **Idle timeout 길음 LB 보다**: zombie conn.
- **Lambda 새 client 매번**: 재사용 X — global scope.
- **Connection release 안 함**: leak.
- **Statement timeout 없음**: hang.

## 🤖 LLM 활용 힌트
- Pool max = (CPU × 2) + 적절.
- Idle timeout < LB idle.
- Lambda = HTTP driver / RDS Proxy.
- Stats 모니터링 — waiting > 0 alarm.

## 🔗 관련 문서
- [[DB_Connection_Pool]]
- [[Backend_Service_Discovery]]
- [[DB_Lock_Analysis]]
