---
id: wiki-2026-0508-성능-최적화-reflow-repaint
title: "성능 최적화(Reflow & Repaint)"
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Reflow, Repaint, Layout Thrash, 레이아웃 트래싱]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.93
verification_status: applied
tags: [frontend, performance, browser, rendering, dom]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: javascript
  framework: browser
---

# 성능 최적화(Reflow & Repaint)

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 layout(=reflow) 의 비싸고, paint 의 cheap-er, composite 의 cheapest"**. 매 DOM/CSS write 의 invalidate 의 trigger — geometry change → reflow + repaint, color-only change → repaint, transform/opacity → composite-only. Layout thrashing 의 batch read/write 의 fix.

## 매 핵심

### 매 cost ladder
1. **Composite only** (cheap, 60fps): `transform`, `opacity`, `filter` (some).
2. **Paint** (medium): `color`, `background-color`, `box-shadow`, `border-radius`.
3. **Layout (Reflow)** (expensive): `width`, `height`, `top/left`, `margin`, `padding`, `font-size`, `display`.
4. **Full reflow trigger**: `<html>` font change, viewport resize.

### 매 reflow triggers (write)
- DOM 의 add/remove.
- `display`/`position` change.
- size/box-model property change.
- font/text content change.
- pseudo-class (`:hover`) 의 layout-affecting style.

### 매 forced sync layout (read)
- `offsetTop/Left/Width/Height`, `clientTop/...`, `scrollTop/...`.
- `getComputedStyle()`, `getBoundingClientRect()`.
- 매 pending invalidation 의 있을 때 read → 매 browser 의 immediate layout 의 trigger.

## 💻 패턴

### Layout thrash 의 fix (read-then-write)
```js
// X — N reflow (each iteration forces layout)
boxes.forEach(b => {
  const w = b.offsetWidth;
  b.style.width = (w + 10) + 'px';
});

// O — 1 reflow (read all, then write all)
const widths = boxes.map(b => b.offsetWidth);
boxes.forEach((b, i) => b.style.width = (widths[i] + 10) + 'px');
```

### `requestAnimationFrame` batching
```js
let pending = false;
function update(el) {
  if (pending) return;
  pending = true;
  requestAnimationFrame(() => {
    el.style.transform = `translateX(${nextX}px)`;
    pending = false;
  });
}
window.addEventListener('scroll', () => update(stickyEl));
```

### Detach → mutate → reattach (huge DOM ops)
```js
const list = document.getElementById('list');
const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
for (const item of items) {
  const li = document.createElement('li');
  li.textContent = item.name;
  fragment.appendChild(li);
}
list.appendChild(fragment); // 1 reflow, not N
```

### `transform` 의 substitute (animation)
```css
/* X — top change → reflow per frame */
@keyframes slide-bad { from { top: 0 } to { top: 100px } }

/* O — transform → composite only */
@keyframes slide-good { from { transform: translateY(0) } to { transform: translateY(100px) } }
```

### `will-change` (sparingly)
```css
/* 매 animation 직전 의 hint, 매 finish 후 remove */
.card { will-change: transform; }
.card.done { will-change: auto; }
```

### `contain` (CSS containment)
```css
/* 매 subtree 의 layout/paint 의 isolate — outer 의 invalidation 의 not propagate */
.widget { contain: layout paint; }
```

### Position fixed/sticky (composite layer)
```css
.toolbar {
  position: sticky; top: 0;
  /* GPU layer — scroll 시 reflow 없음 */
}
```

### IntersectionObserver (no scroll handler)
```js
const io = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
  for (const e of entries) {
    if (e.isIntersecting) e.target.classList.add('in-view');
  }
}, { rootMargin: '0px 0px -10% 0px' });
images.forEach(img => io.observe(img));
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 변경 | Cost |
|---|---|
| `transform` / `opacity` | composite only — 60fps OK |
| `background-color` | paint — usually OK |
| `top`/`left`/`width`/`height` | layout — animation 의 avoid |
| `display` | layout — modal toggle 의 OK, animation 의 X |
| `font-size` (root) | full document reflow — extreme cost |

**기본값**: 매 animation → `transform/opacity` 만, batch read/write, large insert → DocumentFragment, off-screen → `content-visibility` / IntersectionObserver.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[브라우저 렌더링 파이프라인(Critical Rendering Path)]]
- 변형: [[Compositor Thread]] · [[GPU Layer Promotion]]
- 응용: [[Virtual List]] · [[Animation Performance]]
- Adjacent: [[`will-change`]] · [[CSS Containment]] · [[content-visibility]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: layout thrash 의 detect (read-write interleave pattern), animation property 의 review.
**언제 X**: actual paint profiling — Chrome DevTools Performance/Layers panel 의 use.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **`will-change` everywhere**: 매 GPU memory exhaustion.
- **`top/left` animation**: 매 reflow per frame — `transform` 의 substitute.
- **scroll handler 의 layout read**: 매 thrash — IntersectionObserver 의 use.
- **`innerHTML` 의 loop**: 매 N reflow — fragment 의 build.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (web.dev/articles/animations-guide, Paul Lewis "Avoid Large, Complex Layouts", CSSOM View spec).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — reflow trigger + 8 패턴 + 결정 기준 의 정리 |
