---
id: wiki-2026-0508-benchmarks
title: Benchmarks (AI Evaluation)
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [벤치마크, AI benchmarks, MMLU, HumanEval, MATH, GLUE, SuperGLUE, evaluation, leaderboard, Goodharts Law]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.93
verification_status: applied
tags: [benchmark, evaluation, mmlu, humaneval, math, swe-bench, contamination, leaderboard, helm]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: Python
  framework: lm-evaluation-harness / HELM / OpenCompass
---

# Benchmarks

## 📌 한 줄 통찰
> **"지능 의 줄자"**. 매 standardized 의 same comparison. 매 milestone + 매 marketing. 매 Goodhart's Law (매 metric 의 target 의 saturate). 매 modern era 의 contamination 의 worry.

## 📖 핵심

### 매 NLP / LLM benchmark

#### General reasoning
- **MMLU** (57 subjects, multiple choice): 매 GPT 시대 의 standard.
- **MMLU-Pro** (2024): 매 harder, 매 contamination 의 fix.
- **GPQA** (graduate-level science): 매 hard.
- **BIG-Bench Hard**: 매 LLM 의 weak point.
- **AGIEval**: 매 SAT, GRE, LSAT.

#### Math
- **GSM8K** (grade school math): 매 saturated.
- **MATH** (competition): 매 hard.
- **AIME** / **IMO**: 매 frontier.

#### Code
- **HumanEval** (OpenAI): 매 saturated.
- **MBPP**: 매 basic Python.
- **SWE-bench** (Princeton): 매 real GitHub issue.
- **LiveCodeBench**: 매 contamination-aware.

#### Instruction following
- **AlpacaEval** / **MT-Bench**: 매 LLM-as-judge.
- **Arena (LMSYS)**: 매 human pairwise.
- **IFEval**: 매 verifiable instruction.

#### Long context
- **Needle in Haystack**: 매 retrieval.
- **RULER**: 매 multi-task.
- **InfiniteBench**.

#### Agentic / tool use
- **WebArena** / **GAIA**: 매 real task.
- **OSWorld**: 매 desktop GUI.
- **τ-bench** (tau-bench): 매 customer service.

#### Safety / alignment
- **TruthfulQA**: 매 honesty.
- **BBQ** (bias QA).
- **HarmBench** / **AdvBench**: 매 jailbreak.
- **MACHIAVELLI**: 매 power-seeking.

### 매 vision benchmark
- **ImageNet**: 매 classification.
- **COCO**: 매 detection / segmentation.
- **VQAv2**: 매 visual QA.
- **MMMU**: 매 multi-modal MMLU.

### 매 problem

#### Goodhart's Law
- "When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure."
- 매 saturated benchmark = 매 model 의 game.

#### Data contamination
- 매 pretraining data 의 매 test set leak.
- 매 LLM 의 fake high score.
- → 매 LiveCodeBench, 매 MMLU-Pro 의 mitigate.

#### Construct validity
- 매 measured ≠ 매 wanted.
- 매 MMLU = 매 multiple-choice (real ≠).

#### Distribution shift
- 매 academic ≠ 매 real-world.

#### Evaluation cost
- 매 GPT-4 의 evaluation 의 expensive.
- 매 LLM-as-judge 의 bias.

### 매 modern best practice
1. **Multiple benchmark**: 매 single 의 game 의 detect.
2. **Held-out test**: 매 fresh.
3. **Contamination check**: 매 n-gram match.
4. **LLM-as-judge audit**: 매 self-bias.
5. **Human preference** (Arena): 매 ground truth.
6. **HELM** (Stanford): 매 holistic, 매 multi-axis.
7. **Specific task eval**: 매 internal benchmark.

## 💻 패턴

### lm-evaluation-harness (EleutherAI)
```bash
pip install lm-eval

lm_eval --model hf \
  --model_args pretrained=meta-llama/Llama-3-8B \
  --tasks mmlu,gsm8k,arc_challenge,truthfulqa \
  --device cuda \
  --batch_size 8
```

→ 매 standard 의 reproducible.

### HELM (Stanford)
```python
# 매 holistic evaluation
from helm.benchmark.run import run

scenarios = [
    'mmlu',
    'truthfulqa',
    'bbq',
    'real_toxicity_prompts',
    'civil_comments',
]
run(model='openai/gpt-4', scenarios=scenarios)
```

### Custom internal benchmark
```python
def evaluate_custom(model, test_cases):
    results = []
    for case in test_cases:
        response = model.generate(case.prompt)
        score = case.judge(response)  # 매 task-specific
        results.append({
            'case_id': case.id,
            'score': score,
            'response': response,
            'expected': case.expected,
        })
    
    # 매 metric breakdown
    by_category = group_by(results, 'category')
    for cat, items in by_category.items():
        print(f'{cat}: {sum(i["score"] for i in items)/len(items):.3f}')
    
    return results
```

### LLM-as-judge (with calibration)
```python
def llm_judge(prompt, response, reference):
    judge_prompt = f"""Compare the response against the reference.
Score 1-5 (5 = matches reference, 1 = wrong).

Prompt: {prompt}
Reference: {reference}
Response: {response}

Score: """
    
    # 매 N=5 의 average (variance reduce)
    scores = [parse_score(judge_model.generate(judge_prompt)) for _ in range(5)]
    return sum(scores) / len(scores)
```

### Contamination check (n-gram)
```python
def contamination_check(test_examples, pretrain_corpus, n=13):
    contaminated = 0
    for ex in test_examples:
        ngrams = set(get_ngrams(ex.text, n))
        for doc in pretrain_corpus.search(ngrams):
            if any(ng in doc for ng in ngrams):
                contaminated += 1
                break
    return contaminated / len(test_examples)
```

### Pairwise human eval (Arena-style)
```python
def pairwise_eval(model_a, model_b, prompts, n_judges=10):
    wins = {'a': 0, 'b': 0, 'tie': 0}
    for prompt in prompts:
        ra, rb = model_a.gen(prompt), model_b.gen(prompt)
        # 매 randomize order
        if random.random() < 0.5:
            r1, r2, label = ra, rb, 'a'
        else:
            r1, r2, label = rb, ra, 'b'
        
        votes = [human_judge(prompt, r1, r2) for _ in range(n_judges)]
        winner = majority(votes)
        if winner == 'tie': wins['tie'] += 1
        elif winner == '1': wins[label] += 1
        else: wins['a' if label == 'b' else 'b'] += 1
    return wins
```

### Bradley-Terry (Elo) for LMSYS Arena
```python
import numpy as np
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression

def fit_elo(matches, models):
    # matches: [(winner_idx, loser_idx), ...]
    X = np.zeros((len(matches), len(models)))
    y = np.ones(len(matches))
    for i, (w, l) in enumerate(matches):
        X[i, w] = 1
        X[i, l] = -1
    
    clf = LogisticRegression(fit_intercept=False).fit(X, y)
    # 매 elo = scaled coefficient
    return 400 / np.log(10) * clf.coef_[0] + 1000
```

## 🤔 결정 기준
| 목적 | Benchmark |
|---|---|
| LLM general | MMLU-Pro + GPQA + Arena |
| Math | MATH + AIME |
| Code | SWE-bench + LiveCodeBench |
| Instruction | IFEval + AlpacaEval |
| Safety | TruthfulQA + HarmBench |
| Long context | RULER + Needle |
| Agentic | GAIA + WebArena |
| Multi-modal | MMMU |
| Internal | Custom (task-specific) |

**기본값**: 매 multiple benchmark + 매 internal eval + 매 Arena 의 cross-check.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Evaluation]] · [[ML-Metrics]]
- 변형: [[MMLU]] · [[HumanEval]] · [[SWE-bench]] · [[GLUE]] · [[ImageNet]]
- 응용: [[lm-evaluation-harness]] · [[HELM]] · [[OpenCompass]] · [[LMSYS-Arena]]
- Adjacent: [[Goodharts-Law]] · [[Data-Contamination]] · [[LLM-as-Judge]] · [[Construct-Validity]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 매 model selection. 매 fine-tune 효과 측정. 매 capability gap 의 identify.
**언제 X**: 매 single benchmark 의 비결로 의지. 매 contamination check 없이.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Single benchmark**: 매 game 의 vulnerable.
- **Public test set 의 train**: 매 contamination.
- **No Arena / human**: 매 academic ≠ 매 real.
- **Stale benchmark** (saturated): 매 information X.
- **LLM-as-judge 만**: 매 self-bias (GPT-4 가 GPT-4 의 favor).
- **No internal eval**: 매 task-specific gap 의 miss.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Stanford HELM, EleutherAI harness, LMSYS).
- 신뢰도 A.
- Related: [[MMLU]] · [[Goodharts-Law]] · [[Data-Contamination]] · [[LLM-as-Judge]].

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — benchmark catalog + contamination + 매 lm-eval / HELM code |
