---
id: wiki-2026-0508-in-memory-data-grid
title: In-Memory Data Grid
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [IMDG, Distributed Cache, In-Memory Computing]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [architecture, distributed-systems, cache, performance, jvm]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: java
  framework: hazelcast-ignite
---

# In-Memory Data Grid

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 distributed RAM 의 partitioned + replicated 의 통한 sub-ms key-value + compute 의 horizontal scale"**. 매 Oracle Coherence (2001) 의 commercial origin, 매 Hazelcast (2008) / Apache Ignite (2014) 의 OSS 의 popularization — 매 modern 의 Redis Cluster + Apache Ignite + Hazelcast 5.x 의 dominant.

## 매 핵심

### 매 IMDG vs Distributed Cache
- **Cache (Redis, Memcached)**: 매 read-through, eviction-driven, simple K/V.
- **IMDG (Hazelcast, Ignite, Coherence)**: + co-located compute, SQL, transactions, near-cache, entry processors, CP subsystem.

### 매 Core Capabilities
- **Partitioning**: consistent hash, 매 271 partitions (Hazelcast default).
- **Replication**: backup count (sync/async), 매 partition 의 N-1 backup.
- **Near Cache**: client-side mirror, invalidation 의 push.
- **Entry Processor**: 매 data-local computation (move code to data).
- **Continuous Query**: predicate-based push.
- **CP Subsystem**: Raft-based linearizable primitives (Hazelcast 4+).

### 매 응용
1. Session store / shopping cart (low-latency).
2. Real-time risk / pricing (compute grid).
3. Hybrid OLTP+stream (Ignite + Kafka).

## 💻 패턴

### Hazelcast 5 — Embedded + IMap
```java
HazelcastInstance hz = Hazelcast.newHazelcastInstance();
IMap<String, Order> orders = hz.getMap("orders");
orders.put("o-123", new Order(...));
Order o = orders.get("o-123");  // sub-ms

// Pessimistic lock 의 partition-local
orders.executeOnKey("o-123", entry -> {
    Order cur = entry.getValue();
    cur.markPaid();
    entry.setValue(cur);
    return null;
});
```

### Apache Ignite — SQL over Cache
```java
IgniteConfiguration cfg = new IgniteConfiguration();
Ignite ignite = Ignition.start(cfg);

CacheConfiguration<Long, Person> ccfg = new CacheConfiguration<>("Person");
ccfg.setIndexedTypes(Long.class, Person.class);
IgniteCache<Long, Person> cache = ignite.getOrCreateCache(ccfg);

List<List<?>> rows = cache.query(new SqlFieldsQuery(
    "SELECT name, salary FROM Person WHERE salary > ? ORDER BY salary DESC")
    .setArgs(100_000)).getAll();
```

### Hazelcast Near Cache
```yaml
hazelcast-client:
  near-cache:
    orders:
      in-memory-format: OBJECT
      invalidate-on-change: true
      time-to-live-seconds: 60
      max-size: 10000
      eviction-policy: LRU
```

### Entry Processor (move compute to data)
```java
public class IncrementVersion implements EntryProcessor<String, Order, Long> {
    public Long process(Map.Entry<String, Order> e) {
        Order o = e.getValue();
        o.setVersion(o.getVersion() + 1);
        e.setValue(o);
        return o.getVersion();
    }
}
Long v = orders.executeOnKey("o-1", new IncrementVersion());
```

### Continuous Query (Hazelcast)
```java
IMap<String, Order> orders = hz.getMap("orders");
orders.addEntryListener((EntryAddedListener<String, Order>) ev -> {
    if (ev.getValue().getAmount() > 10_000) alert(ev.getValue());
}, Predicates.greaterThan("amount", 10_000), true);
```

### CP Subsystem — Linearizable Counter
```java
CPSubsystem cp = hz.getCPSubsystem();
IAtomicLong seq = cp.getAtomicLong("order-seq");
long next = seq.incrementAndGet();   // Raft-backed, linearizable
```

### Kubernetes Deployment (Hazelcast Operator)
```yaml
apiVersion: hazelcast.com/v1alpha1
kind: Hazelcast
metadata: { name: hz }
spec:
  clusterSize: 5
  repository: hazelcast/hazelcast
  version: "5.5"
  persistence:
    baseDir: /data/hot-restart
    pvc: { accessModes: [ReadWriteOnce], requestStorage: 50Gi }
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Approach |
|---|---|
| Simple K/V cache | Redis / Memcached |
| Java-heavy + SQL on cache | Apache Ignite |
| Compute + cache + CP primitives | Hazelcast 5 |
| Multi-language polyglot | Redis Cluster + redis-om |
| Persistent in-memory DB | Ignite native persistence / Aerospike |

**기본값**: 매 Java/Kotlin stack — Hazelcast 5; 매 polyglot — Redis Cluster.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Distributed-Systems]] · [[Caching]]
- 변형: [[Distributed-Cache]] · [[Compute-Grid]] · [[NewSQL]]
- 응용: [[Hazelcast]] · [[Apache-Ignite]] · [[Redis-Cluster]] · [[Oracle-Coherence]]
- Adjacent: [[CAP-Theorem]] · [[Consistent-Hashing]] · [[Raft-Consensus]] · [[Near-Cache]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: IMDG 의 sizing 의 estimate, partition strategy 의 review, Hazelcast/Ignite config 의 generate.
**언제 X**: 매 production 의 capacity planning 의 final sign-off (real workload benchmark 필수).

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Distributed monolith state**: 매 service 의 IMDG 의 shared mutable state — 매 hidden coupling.
- **N+1 across grid**: client-side loop 의 단일 키 fetch — 매 batch API 의 use.
- **No backup count**: backup=0 → 매 node loss 의 data loss.
- **Serialization neglect**: default Java serialization → 매 slow + bloated, 매 IdentifiedDataSerializable / Compact 의 use.
- **Treating IMDG as durable DB**: 매 persistence 의 explicit config 없이 → restart 의 data loss.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Hazelcast 5.5 docs, Apache Ignite 2.16 docs, Oracle Coherence 14c docs).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — IMDG (Hazelcast/Ignite) 의 full content |
