---
id: wiki-2026-0508-hyperparameters
title: Hyperparameters
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [hyperparameters, HPO, learning rate, batch size, AutoML, Optuna, Bayesian opt]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.96
verification_status: applied
tags: [machine-learning, hyperparameters, hpo, automl, optuna, bayesian-opt]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: Python
  framework: Optuna / Ray Tune / Hyperopt / Wandb Sweeps
---

# Hyperparameters

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 model 의 의 학습 의 의 의 의 의 외부 parameter"**. 매 learning rate, batch size, depth, regularization. 매 modern HPO: Optuna (Bayesian/TPE), Ray Tune (distributed), Wandb Sweeps. 매 cost vs payoff trade-off — 매 무한정 search 의 X.

## 매 핵심

### 매 type
- **Optimizer**: lr, momentum, weight decay.
- **Architecture**: depth, width, head count.
- **Regularization**: dropout, label smoothing.
- **Training**: batch size, epoch, warmup.
- **Data**: augmentation strength.

### 매 search method
- **Grid**.
- **Random** (Bergstra 2012 — better than grid).
- **Bayesian** (TPE, GP).
- **Hyperband / ASHA**: 매 early stopping.
- **PBT** (Population-based, DeepMind).
- **NAS** (Neural Arch Search).

### 매 응용
1. **Tabular ML**: 매 큰 영향.
2. **DL**: 매 medium-size 의 critical.
3. **LLM fine-tune**: 매 lr + LoRA r.

### 매 modern best practice
- **Random > grid**.
- **Bayesian when expensive**.
- **Hyperband** for many configs.
- **Log-scale lr**.
- **Track everything** (Wandb).
- **Cap budget** time/$.

## 💻 패턴

### Optuna (Bayesian TPE)
```python
import optuna

def objective(trial):
    lr = trial.suggest_float('lr', 1e-5, 1e-1, log=True)
    bs = trial.suggest_categorical('bs', [16, 32, 64, 128])
    dropout = trial.suggest_float('dropout', 0.0, 0.5)
    n_layers = trial.suggest_int('n_layers', 2, 8)
    
    model = build(n_layers, dropout)
    val_loss = train(model, lr, bs)
    return val_loss

study = optuna.create_study(direction='minimize')
study.optimize(objective, n_trials=100)
print(study.best_params)
```

### Random search (sklearn)
```python
from sklearn.model_selection import RandomizedSearchCV
from scipy.stats import loguniform

params = {'lr': loguniform(1e-5, 1e-1), 'bs': [16, 32, 64], 'dropout': uniform(0, 0.5)}
search = RandomizedSearchCV(model, params, n_iter=50, cv=5)
search.fit(X, y)
```

### Hyperband (ASHA)
```python
from ray import tune
from ray.tune.schedulers import ASHAScheduler

def train_fn(config):
    for epoch in range(config['epochs']):
        loss = train_step(config)
        tune.report(loss=loss)

tune.run(
    train_fn,
    config={'lr': tune.loguniform(1e-5, 1e-1), 'bs': tune.choice([16, 32, 64])},
    scheduler=ASHAScheduler(metric='loss', mode='min'),
    num_samples=100,
)
```

### Population-Based Training (PBT)
```python
from ray.tune.schedulers import PopulationBasedTraining
pbt = PopulationBasedTraining(
    time_attr='training_iteration',
    metric='loss', mode='min', perturbation_interval=5,
    hyperparam_mutations={'lr': lambda: tune.loguniform(1e-5, 1e-1)},
)
```

### Wandb Sweeps
```yaml
# 매 sweep.yaml
program: train.py
method: bayes
metric: { name: val_loss, goal: minimize }
parameters:
  lr: { min: 1e-5, max: 1e-1, distribution: log_uniform_values }
  bs: { values: [16, 32, 64, 128] }
```

```bash
wandb sweep sweep.yaml
wandb agent <sweep_id>
```

### Default starting points
```python
DEFAULTS = {
    'transformer': {'lr': 3e-4, 'bs': 32, 'warmup': 4000, 'wd': 0.01},
    'cnn': {'lr': 1e-3, 'bs': 256, 'momentum': 0.9, 'wd': 1e-4},
    'lora': {'lr': 1e-4, 'r': 16, 'alpha': 32, 'dropout': 0.05},
}
```

### LR finder (Smith)
```python
def find_lr(model, train_loader, lr_min=1e-7, lr_max=1):
    lrs = np.geomspace(lr_min, lr_max, 100)
    losses = []
    for lr in lrs:
        for p in model.optimizer.param_groups: p['lr'] = lr
        loss = train_one_batch(next(iter(train_loader)))
        losses.append(loss)
    # 매 plot lrs vs losses → pick before divergence
    return lrs, losses
```

### LoRA hyperparameter
```python
from peft import LoraConfig
config = LoraConfig(
    r=trial.suggest_categorical('r', [8, 16, 32, 64]),
    lora_alpha=trial.suggest_categorical('alpha', [16, 32, 64, 128]),
    lora_dropout=trial.suggest_float('dropout', 0, 0.2),
)
```

### Cost cap
```python
import time
class BudgetedStudy:
    def __init__(self, budget_hours=4):
        self.start = time.time()
        self.budget = budget_hours * 3600
    
    def should_continue(self):
        return time.time() - self.start < self.budget
```

### Early stopping per trial
```python
def objective_with_pruning(trial):
    for epoch in range(50):
        loss = train_step()
        trial.report(loss, epoch)
        if trial.should_prune(): raise optuna.TrialPruned()
    return loss
```

### Track best config (Wandb)
```python
import wandb
wandb.init(project='hpo', config=trial.params)
for epoch in range(epochs):
    wandb.log({'loss': loss, 'lr': lr, 'epoch': epoch})
```

### NAS-Bench
```python
# 매 NAS-Bench-101/201 — pre-computed architectures
import nasbench
nasbench_model = nasbench.NASBench('nasbench_only108.tfrecord')
arch = sample_architecture()
metrics = nasbench_model.query(arch)
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Method |
|---|---|
| < 100 trials | Random |
| Expensive trial | Bayesian (Optuna) |
| Many configs | Hyperband / ASHA |
| Long-running | PBT |
| Default start | Architecture-specific defaults |
| Tight budget | LR finder + few trials |

**기본값**: 매 Optuna TPE + Hyperband prune + Wandb track + log-scale lr + budget cap. 매 cost-aware.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[Machine-Learning]] · [[AutoML]]
- 변형: [[Hyperparameter-Optimization]] · [[NAS]]
- 응용: [[Optuna]] · [[Ray-Tune]] · [[Wandb]]
- Adjacent: [[Bayesian-Optimization]] · [[Gaussian-Processes]] · [[Fine-tuning]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 매 production model. 매 fine-tune. 매 architecture sweep.
**언제 X**: 매 throwaway / quick PoC.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Grid for many params**: 매 exponential cost.
- **No log-scale lr**: 매 wasteful.
- **Ignore early stopping**: 매 budget waste.
- **No baseline**: 매 HPO 의 worth 의 invisible.
- **Test set leak**: 매 HPO with test.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (Bergstra 2012, Optuna docs, Ray Tune docs).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — methods + 매 Optuna / Ray / Wandb / LR finder code |
