---
id: backend-hono-modern
title: Hono / Elysia / Modern TS Frameworks
category: Coding
status: draft
source_trust_level: B
verification_status: conceptual
created_at: 2026-05-09
updated_at: 2026-05-09
tags: [backend, hono, elysia, vibe-coding]
tech_stack: { language: "TS / Bun / Node", applicable_to: ["Backend"] }
applied_in: []
aliases: [Hono, Elysia, Bun.serve, Express alternative, Web Standard, modern TS framework]
---

# Hono / Elysia

> Express 의 modern 후속. **Web Standard (Request/Response) 기반 + edge runtime 호환 + type-safe**. Hono = universal, Elysia = Bun 친화.

## 📖 핵심 개념
- Web Standard: Request / Response (browser native).
- Edge: Cloudflare Workers / Deno / Bun.
- Type-safe: handler 의 query / body / response 자동 inferred.
- 작은 + 빠름.

## 💻 코드 패턴

### Hono 기본
```ts
import { Hono } from 'hono';

const app = new Hono();

app.get('/', (c) => c.text('Hello'));
app.get('/users/:id', (c) => c.json({ id: c.req.param('id') }));

app.post('/users', async (c) => {
  const body = await c.req.json();
  return c.json({ id: '...', ...body }, 201);
});

export default app;
```

### Bun 으로 실행
```bash
bun run --hot src/index.ts
```

### Cloudflare Workers
```ts
// wrangler.toml
[observability]
enabled = true

// src/index.ts
import { Hono } from 'hono';

const app = new Hono<{ Bindings: { DB: D1Database; CACHE: KVNamespace } }>();

app.get('/users/:id', async (c) => {
  const id = c.req.param('id');
  const cached = await c.env.CACHE.get(`user:${id}`);
  if (cached) return c.json(JSON.parse(cached));
  
  const user = await c.env.DB.prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?').bind(id).first();
  await c.env.CACHE.put(`user:${id}`, JSON.stringify(user), { expirationTtl: 60 });
  return c.json(user);
});

export default app;
```

### Vercel Edge / Deno
```ts
import { Hono } from 'hono';
const app = new Hono();
// ... routes
export default app;  // 자동 detect
```

### Middleware
```ts
import { logger } from 'hono/logger';
import { cors } from 'hono/cors';
import { compress } from 'hono/compress';
import { jwt } from 'hono/jwt';

app.use('*', logger());
app.use('*', cors({ origin: 'https://app.com' }));
app.use('*', compress());

app.use('/api/*', jwt({ secret: process.env.JWT_SECRET! }));

app.get('/api/me', (c) => {
  const payload = c.get('jwtPayload');
  return c.json({ user: payload.sub });
});
```

### Zod validator
```ts
import { zValidator } from '@hono/zod-validator';
import { z } from 'zod';

const CreateUser = z.object({
  email: z.string().email(),
  name: z.string().min(1),
});

app.post('/users', zValidator('json', CreateUser), async (c) => {
  const data = c.req.valid('json');  // typed
  // ...
});
```

### Hono RPC (TS client)
```ts
// server
const route = app.get('/users/:id', (c) => c.json({ id: c.req.param('id'), name: 'A' }));
export type AppType = typeof route;

// client (frontend)
import { hc } from 'hono/client';
import type { AppType } from '../server';

const client = hc<AppType>('http://localhost:3000');

const r = await client.users[':id'].$get({ param: { id: '1' } });
const data = await r.json();  // typed!
```

→ tRPC 비슷 — type 가 client / server 공유.

### Streaming (SSE)
```ts
import { streamSSE } from 'hono/streaming';

app.get('/stream', (c) => {
  return streamSSE(c, async (stream) => {
    while (true) {
      await stream.writeSSE({
        data: JSON.stringify({ time: Date.now() }),
        event: 'tick',
        id: crypto.randomUUID(),
      });
      await stream.sleep(1000);
    }
  });
});
```

### Error handler
```ts
import { HTTPException } from 'hono/http-exception';

app.onError((err, c) => {
  if (err instanceof HTTPException) {
    return c.json({ error: err.message }, err.status);
  }
  return c.json({ error: 'Internal' }, 500);
});

app.get('/protected', (c) => {
  const auth = c.req.header('Authorization');
  if (!auth) throw new HTTPException(401, { message: 'Unauthorized' });
  return c.json({ ok: true });
});
```

### Elysia (Bun-only, 매우 빠름)
```ts
import { Elysia, t } from 'elysia';

const app = new Elysia()
  .get('/', () => 'Hello')
  .get('/users/:id', ({ params: { id } }) => ({ id }))
  .post('/users', ({ body }) => ({ ...body, id: '...' }), {
    body: t.Object({
      email: t.String({ format: 'email' }),
      name: t.String({ minLength: 1 }),
    }),
  })
  .listen(3000);

console.log(`http://localhost:${app.server?.port}`);
```

→ TypeBox (JSON Schema) — Bun native.

### Elysia plugins
```ts
import { swagger } from '@elysiajs/swagger';
import { jwt } from '@elysiajs/jwt';
import { cors } from '@elysiajs/cors';

app
  .use(swagger())  // /swagger 자동 docs
  .use(cors())
  .use(jwt({ secret: process.env.JWT_SECRET }));
```

### Bun.serve (raw, 가장 빠름)
```ts
Bun.serve({
  port: 3000,
  fetch(req) {
    const url = new URL(req.url);
    if (url.pathname === '/') return new Response('Hello');
    if (url.pathname.startsWith('/api/')) return apiHandler(req);
    return new Response('Not found', { status: 404 });
  },
});
```

→ Framework 없이. 가장 raw.

### Performance
```
Bun.serve:    > 100K req/s (single core)
Elysia:       ~80K req/s
Hono on Bun:  ~80K req/s
Hono on Node: ~30K req/s
Express:      ~10K req/s

→ 측정 + workload 따라.
```

### File-based routing
```
Hono = code-first.
Elysia = code-first.

File-based 원하면:
- Next.js App Router
- Tanstack Start
- Astro endpoints
- Hono + 자체 file scanner
```

### Database 통합
```ts
// Hono + Drizzle
import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/postgres-js';
import postgres from 'postgres';

const sql = postgres(process.env.DATABASE_URL!);
const db = drizzle(sql);

app.get('/users/:id', async (c) => {
  const user = await db.select().from(usersTable).where(eq(usersTable.id, c.req.param('id'))).limit(1);
  return c.json(user[0]);
});
```

### Edge DB combo
```
Cloudflare Workers + D1: Hono + D1 binding
Vercel Edge + Neon: Hono + neon HTTP
Bun + Postgres: Hono / Elysia + Bun pg
```

### vs Express
```
Express:
+ 커뮤니티 큼
+ 미들웨어 많음
- 옛 callback API
- Type 약함
- Edge 호환 X (Node only)

Hono / Elysia:
+ Modern TS
+ Edge runtime
+ 빠름
+ Type-safe
- 작은 ecosystem (커지는 중)
```

### Migration (Express → Hono)
```ts
// Express
app.get('/users/:id', async (req, res) => {
  res.json(await getUser(req.params.id));
});

// Hono
app.get('/users/:id', async (c) => {
  return c.json(await getUser(c.req.param('id')));
});
```

→ 비슷. Migration 가능.

### Testing (Hono)
```ts
import { Hono } from 'hono';
import { test, expect } from 'vitest';

const app = new Hono();
app.get('/', (c) => c.text('Hello'));

test('GET /', async () => {
  const res = await app.request('/');
  expect(res.status).toBe(200);
  expect(await res.text()).toBe('Hello');
});
```

→ App.request — 외부 server 필요 X.

### Deployment options
```
Hono:
- Cloudflare Workers
- Vercel Edge
- AWS Lambda (with adapter)
- Bun
- Node
- Deno

Elysia:
- Bun (only)
```

### Build / size
```
Hono: ~12 KB (gzip)
Elysia: ~30 KB
Express: ~120 KB

→ Edge runtime 친화.
```

## 🤔 의사결정 기준
| 환경 | 추천 |
|---|---|
| Edge runtime | Hono |
| Bun max performance | Elysia |
| Node + 큰 ecosystem | Hono 또는 Express |
| Multi-cloud / portable | Hono |
| File-based + full-stack | Next / Tanstack Start |
| Raw / 가장 빠른 | Bun.serve |

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Express + Edge runtime**: 호환 X.
- **Node-specific module on Edge**: 깨짐.
- **fetch / Response 의 standard 알기 X**: API confusion.
- **Hono RPC + 큰 schema**: 빌드 시간.
- **Elysia + Node**: Bun 만.
- **Middleware 너무 많이**: latency.
- **Type 안 활용**: 의미 없는 framework 선택.

## 🤖 LLM 활용 힌트
- Hono = universal modern.
- Elysia = Bun 친화 + 빠름.
- Web Standard API (Request / Response).
- Hono RPC = type-safe TS fullstack.

## 🔗 관련 문서
- [[Backend_API_Gateway_BFF]]
- [[Runtime_Bun_Deno_Comparison]]
- [[API_OpenAPI_Spec]]
