---
id: wiki-2026-0508-climate-change-mitigation-framew
title: Climate Change Mitigation Frameworks
category: 10_Wiki/Topics
status: verified
canonical_id: self
aliases: [Carbon Mitigation, Net Zero Frameworks, GHG Reduction]
duplicate_of: none
source_trust_level: A
confidence_score: 0.9
verification_status: applied
tags: [climate, sustainability, policy, carbon-accounting, esg]
raw_sources: []
last_reinforced: 2026-05-10
github_commit: pending
tech_stack:
  language: Python
  framework: GHG Protocol / SBTi / TCFD
---

# Climate Change Mitigation Frameworks

## 매 한 줄
> **"매 GHG emission 의 systematic reduction 의 standardized 방법론"**. 1992 UNFCCC → 2015 Paris Agreement → 2024 SBTi Corporate Net-Zero Standard 의 lineage. 매 2026 의 매 EU CSRD + SEC climate disclosure rule 의 의무화 — 매 software 회사 의 매 Scope 1/2/3 reporting 의 mandatory.

## 매 핵심

### 매 Major frameworks
- **GHG Protocol**: 매 corporate accounting 의 de-facto — 매 Scope 1/2/3.
- **SBTi (Science Based Targets initiative)**: 매 1.5°C-aligned reduction targets.
- **TCFD → ISSB IFRS S2**: 매 financial disclosure standard.
- **CDP**: 매 voluntary disclosure platform.
- **Paris Agreement NDCs**: 매 national-level commitments.

### 매 Scope definitions
- **Scope 1**: 매 direct emissions — 매 owned vehicles/boilers.
- **Scope 2**: 매 purchased electricity/heat — 매 location-based vs market-based.
- **Scope 3**: 매 value chain (15 categories) — 매 software 회사 의 95%+ 일반적.

### 매 Mitigation hierarchy
1. **Avoid**: 매 emission 의 prevention — 매 highest priority.
2. **Reduce**: 매 efficiency + clean energy switch.
3. **Replace**: 매 high-carbon → low-carbon technology.
4. **Offset**: 매 residual 의 removal — 매 last resort, quality-graded.

### 매 Software industry 응용
- 매 cloud carbon footprint (Scope 3 cat. 1, 2).
- 매 green coding practices — 매 Greensoft Foundation.
- 매 carbon-aware computing — 매 workload shifting.

## 💻 패턴

### GHG Inventory Calculator
```python
from dataclasses import dataclass
from decimal import Decimal

@dataclass
class Emission:
    scope: int  # 1, 2, or 3
    category: str
    activity_data: Decimal  # kWh, liters, km, etc.
    emission_factor: Decimal  # kgCO2e per unit
    @property
    def co2e_kg(self) -> Decimal:
        return self.activity_data * self.emission_factor

inventory = [
    Emission(1, "natural_gas", Decimal("12000"), Decimal("0.184")),  # m³ → kgCO2e
    Emission(2, "electricity_market_based", Decimal("450000"), Decimal("0.293")),  # kWh
    Emission(3, "purchased_goods", Decimal("2_500_000"), Decimal("0.45")),  # USD spend-based
]
total_tco2e = sum(e.co2e_kg for e in inventory) / 1000
```

### Cloud Carbon Footprint (AWS example)
```python
import boto3, datetime
ce = boto3.client("ce")
res = ce.get_cost_and_usage(
    TimePeriod={"Start": "2026-04-01", "End": "2026-05-01"},
    Granularity="MONTHLY",
    Metrics=["UsageQuantity"],
    GroupBy=[{"Type": "DIMENSION", "Key": "REGION"}],
)
# 매 region 의 grid intensity 의 mapping
GRID_INTENSITY = {  # kgCO2e/kWh, 2025 IEA
    "us-east-1": 0.379, "eu-west-1": 0.295, "ap-northeast-1": 0.471,
    "eu-north-1": 0.041,  # 매 Sweden — 매 cleanest
}
```

### SBTi Target Setting (1.5°C linear pathway)
```python
def sbti_pathway(base_year_emissions: float, base_year: int,
                 target_year: int, sector: str = "general") -> dict:
    # 매 SBTi cross-sectoral absolute contraction approach (CSAA) 4.2% pa 1.5°C
    annual_rate = 0.042
    years = target_year - base_year
    target_emissions = base_year_emissions * (1 - annual_rate) ** years
    return {
        "base_year": base_year, "base_emissions_tCO2e": base_year_emissions,
        "target_year": target_year, "target_emissions_tCO2e": target_emissions,
        "reduction_pct": (1 - target_emissions / base_year_emissions) * 100,
    }
# sbti_pathway(10000, 2020, 2030) → ~35% reduction
```

### Carbon-Aware Workload Scheduler
```python
import requests

def get_grid_intensity_g_per_kwh(region: str) -> float:
    r = requests.get(f"https://api.electricitymap.org/v3/carbon-intensity/latest?zone={region}",
                     headers={"auth-token": "..."})
    return r.json()["carbonIntensity"]

def schedule_batch_job(regions: list[str]) -> str:
    intensities = {r: get_grid_intensity_g_per_kwh(r) for r in regions}
    return min(intensities, key=intensities.get)  # 매 cleanest grid 의 region
```

### Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) data
```python
import pandas as pd
macc = pd.DataFrame([
    {"measure": "LED lighting", "abatement_tCO2e": 200, "cost_per_t": -180},
    {"measure": "Solar PPA", "abatement_tCO2e": 1500, "cost_per_t": -25},
    {"measure": "Heat pump", "abatement_tCO2e": 400, "cost_per_t": 35},
    {"measure": "Direct air capture", "abatement_tCO2e": 100, "cost_per_t": 600},
]).sort_values("cost_per_t")
# 매 negative cost 의 measure 우선 (매 NPV positive)
```

### TCFD Disclosure Skeleton
```yaml
governance:
  board_oversight: "Sustainability Committee, quarterly review"
strategy:
  scenarios: [1.5C-NZE, 2C-IEA-APS, 3C-IEA-STEPS]
  transition_risks: [carbon-pricing, customer-preference]
  physical_risks: [datacenter-flooding, heat-cooling-load]
risk_management:
  process: "ERM integrated, climate as material risk"
metrics_targets:
  scope1_2_target: "50% reduction by 2030 vs 2020 (SBTi-validated)"
  scope3_target: "30% reduction by 2030 vs 2020"
  internal_carbon_price_usd_per_t: 75
```

## 매 결정 기준
| 상황 | Framework |
|---|---|
| Public company, EU/SEC | TCFD/ISSB IFRS S2 (의무) |
| Voluntary leadership | SBTi 1.5°C + CDP A-list |
| Internal accounting | GHG Protocol Scope 1/2/3 |
| Cloud/SaaS Scope 3 | Cloud Carbon Footprint (Thoughtworks) |
| Project-level | MACC + ICP (internal carbon price) |

**기본값**: GHG Protocol inventory + SBTi target + TCFD disclosure trifecta.

## 🔗 Graph
- 부모: [[ESG]] · [[Sustainability]] · [[Climate Policy]]
- 변형: [[Net Zero]] · [[Carbon Neutrality]] · [[Carbon Negative]]
- 응용: [[Green Software Engineering]] · [[Carbon-Aware Computing]] · [[Sustainable Datacenter]]
- Adjacent: [[Carbon Markets]] · [[Renewable Energy Certificates]] · [[Life Cycle Assessment]]

## 🤖 LLM 활용
**언제**: 매 disclosure draft, 매 emission factor lookup, 매 MACC scenario synthesis, 매 carbon-aware code review.
**언제 X**: 매 official SBTi target validation (의 third-party verifier 영역), 매 audited financial statement 의 final number.

## ❌ 안티패턴
- **Offset-only strategy**: 매 mitigation hierarchy 의 violation — 매 SBTi reject.
- **Scope 3 의 무시**: 매 software company 의 95% emission 의 hidden.
- **Spend-based factors only**: 매 directional only — 매 supplier-specific data 의 better.
- **Greenwashing**: 매 verified target 의 X 의 marketing claim.
- **Ignoring location-based vs market-based**: 매 dual-reporting 의 의무.

## 🧪 검증 / 중복
- Verified (GHG Protocol Corporate Standard, SBTi Net-Zero Standard v2 2024, IPCC AR6).
- 신뢰도 A.

## 🕓 Changelog
| 날짜 | 변경 |
|---|---|
| 2026-05-08 | Phase 1 |
| 2026-05-10 | Manual cleanup — GHG/SBTi/TCFD frameworks + carbon-aware computing patterns |
